Introduction
Each day, millions of people around the world get on some sort of device that connects them to the internet where the answers they seek, or trying to seek, are there for the taking. However, since there are probably around a billion devices that connect to the internet, there must be a routing system in place to direct certain information to the devices that request it. Computers and devices have a system in place to direct pieces of information, called packets, to the right place. This system stack is based on four layers with the top layer being the application related, the second layer being transport, the third layer being the network layer, and lastly the physical layer. Each part has a specific process which helps deliver the message to the right device. Specifically, the networking layer will be looked upon as it relates to the address of the device.
When putting a stack into an example, one can relate the mail system. The application layer would include the writer and letter being sent. Since the writer is busy, the writer sends someone to put the mail in the mailbox which would be the transport layer. The next layer, the network layer, would be the actual address of the mailbox. Lastly, the physical layer is the process of getting the mail to the destination by stopping at other destinations such as the mail center, airport, and the post office. Each step is important in the process of making this work. However, there is a current problem that is being solved and it relates with the network layer. IP is the most commonly used tool in the network layer but the amount of addresses are running out. Before getting into the details of why that is happening. What exactly is IP?
What is IP?
IP, or internet protoco...
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...th the upgraded features in IPv6, companies may eventually switch over to IPv6 such as Facebook, Google, and Yahoo. The vast amount of address in IPv6 with its 128 bit address will assure that no replacement will be needed for quite a bit of time as the amount of addresses available equal to that of the number of known stars in space.
Works Cited
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IP – The Internet Protocol (IP) - is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
IPv6-the next version of IP, already implemented in some of the newest Internet ready devices. IPSEC and congestion control (ECN) functionality are already put into service. Increased address space will decrease the effectiveness of attacks scanning for vulnerable machines.
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The internet was created to test new networking technologies developed to eventually aid the military. The Arpanet, advanced research projects agency network, became operational in 1968 after it was conceived by Leanard Roberts (Watrall, T101, 2/2). Ever since the Arpanet began in 1968, it grew exponentially in the number of connected users. Traffic and host population became too big for the network to maintain, due to the killer application known as email created in 1972. The outcry for a better way sparked the development of the NSFNet. The National Science Foundation Network replaced Arpanet, and ultimately had many positive effects. This early division of the internet spread its netw...
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...elp ISPs to overcome the situation but they need to find some other final solutions. The other groups are IANA and RIRs in terms of losing the control over the IP address allocations. Considering the fact that IPv4 depletion has been started over two decades ago, this paper has tried to investigate some of the reasons behind the internet survivals despite the significant incensement of the numbers of new connected devices such as smart phones. It can be said that using NAT technique or transferring the spare IPv4 address between different regions are some of the effective reasons of internet survival in the past few years. Finally, it can be concluded that IPv4 will continue to be existed as the basics of the internet for a limited time, but the new features and benefits of IPv6 will make it more reliable and it will become the mainstream of the internet ultimately.
The highest layer in the OSI model is the application layer. While all other layers provide a general service to the other layers, the application does not provide any general services to the other layers (Melendez & Peterson, 1999). The application layer handles items not addressed in any of the lower levels and also handles details specific to distributed applications. Some examples of distributed applications are the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), the domain name system (DNS), and the session initiation protocol (SIP) (Serpanos & Wolf. 2011). The OSI model names the seventh layer as the application layer but does not specifically include any of the above-mentioned examples since the OSI model is abstract. As end users, we utilize the application layer every time we enter an HTTP URL in our internet server.
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TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
When the Internet was inaugurated to Malaysia by the Malaysian Institute of Microelectronics Systems (MIMOS) in 1987, it is for research and education purposes (Ramadass and Osman, 2012). However, it is later commercialised in 1990 and made available to the public in 1992 as JARING (Joint Advanced Integrated Networking) became the first Internet Service Provider (ISP). In 1996, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) is launched and contributed to the development of information and communication technology (ICT) industry. At the same time, TMNet came into the picture as the second ISP and improved commercial and residential Internet access (APNIC, 2004). The application of modern technologies such as fibre optics like High Speed Broadband (HSBB), wireless transmission like WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, and satellite services, gave a further boost to internet coverage and speed.
Cozic, Charles P.. The Future of the Internet. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Print.
Due to the demand for the internet to be fast, networks are designed for maximum speed, rather than to be secure or track users (“Interpol” par. 1). The adage of the adage.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Only five years after Barran proposed his version of a computer network, ARPANET went online. Named after its federal sponsor, ARPANET initially linked four high-speed supercomputers and was intended to allow scientists and researchers to share computing facilities by long-distance. By 1971, ARPANET had grown to fifteen nodes, and by 1972, thirty-seven. ARPA’s original standard for communication was known as “Network Control Protocol” or NCP. As time passed, however, NCP grew obsolete and was replaced by a new, higher-level standard known as TCP-IP, which is still in use today.