The Skeletal System In The Human Body

Skeletal System

Functions:

The Skeletal system performs vital functions; supports movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. That enables the human body to survive.

Main Parts / Structures and Functions:

The skeleton is divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.

Example of Cell Specialization:

Osteoprogenitor Cells: Osteoprogenitor cells are immature cells that are mainly based in the bone marrow (a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which

blood cells are produced) and periosteum. The cells develop into the osteoblasts, a different type of bone cell.
Osteoclast Cells: These are the cells that are mainly as resorption. They do not emerge from osteoprogenitor cells. Instead, White blood cells that commonly have immune system (The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders) function blend together to conceive the osteoclasts. Therefore, they are quite large, with multiple nuclei and are located in the endosteum.

How Does This System Work With Other Systems:

The skeletal system interacts with the muscular system. the muscles join the skeleton, afterwards this contract and move the skeleton onwards. The skeletal system is devised of cartilage and calcified bone that work together. They benefit the process of movement occur in a smooth appearance.

Not only the muscular system interacts with the skeletal system, but also the circulatory system. Regarding to the circulatory system, marrow inside the bones helps produce the cells inside the blood. Both red and white cells are produced in the bones.

Other Interesting Facts:

The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them.

Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a common disease, especially with the elderly, resulting in the loss of bone tissue. In osteoporosis, bone loses calcium, becomes thinner and may vanish utterly. Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones. It is frequently caused by a vitamin D deficiency and results from a defect in the bone building process.

Integumentary System:

Functions:

The Integumentary system is the organ system that shields the body from numerous types of damage.

For example, water loss abrasion from outside. The system covers the skin and its appendages. Its main function is to act as an impediment to shield the body from the outside world. It also functions to possess body fluids, protect against disease, oust waste products.

Main Parts / Structures and Functions:

The skin is the biggest organ of the body, with a surface area of 18 square feet. The two most important layers are the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer). The epidermis has distinct strata that contain four cell types. Keratinocytes produce keratin, a protein that gives skin its strength and flexibility and waterproofs the skin surface. Melanocytes produce melanin, the dark pigment that gives skin its color. Merkel's cells are probably involved with touch reception.

Example of Cell Specialization:

After the skin, there is a layer called the dermis. The dermis is a broad layer of fibrous and elastic tissue (made mostly of fibrillin, elastin, and collagen) which gives the skin its flexibility and strength. The dermis incorporates nerve endings, sweat glands and oil glands, hair follicles, and blood

vessels.

How Does This System Work With Other Systems:

The skin is one of the most important defense mechanisms in the immune system. miniature glands in the skin secrete oils that intensify the barrier function of the skin. Immune cells live in the skin and implement the first line of defense against infections in the human body.

The integumentary system works with the digestive system to embolden the capacity of calcium. Vigorous functioning of the skin also is analogues to the digestive system since the digestion and assimilation of dietary fats and oils are crucial for the body to be capable to make the protective oils for the skin and hair.

The integumentary system also works intimately with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through the human body. Since a few substances can enter the bloodstream via the capillary networks in the skin, patches can be used to transport medications in this aspect for situations ranging from heart problems (nitroglycerin) to smoking cessation (nicotine patches).

Other Interesting Facts:

Diseases of the integumentary system: Dermatologists specialize in curing diseases, disorders and injuries of the skin, hair and nails. Some typical conditions such as acne and warts; chronic skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis; and more severe diseases like skin cancer.

Nervous System:

Functions:

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Combined, these organs are able to control the body and communication among its parts.

Main Parts / Structures and Functions:

The nervous system gathers sensory input from the body and external environment.

Second, the nervous system then processes and interprets the sensory input. And finally, the third fundamental function of the nervous system is to acknowledge appropriately to the sensory input.

Neurons dispatch signals to other cells through thin fibers called axons, that cause chemicals acknowledged as neurotransmitters to be released at junctions identified as synapses. A synapse gives a command to the cell and the entire communication process typically takes only a fraction of a millisecond.

Sensory neurons behave to physical stimuli such as light, sound and touch and send observation to the central nervous system about the body’s surrounding environment. Motor neurons, based in the central nervous system or in peripheral ganglia, disseminate signals to mobilize the muscles or glands.

Example of Cell Specialization:

Glial cell: Glial cell is a supportive cell in the central nervous system. Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct electrical impulses. The glial cells are around neurons and give support for insulation between them. Glial cells are the most efficient cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite

cells.

How Does This System Work With Other Systems:

The nervous systems works with the integumentary system. The nervous system relies on neurons embedded in your skin to sense the outside world. It develops input from your senses, including touch, and initiates movement established on those inputs. For example, when a toe is stub, nerve cells in the foot deliver signals up the leg, through the spinal cord, and up into the brain. The nerve cell connections in the brain sense these signals as pain.

Other Interesting Facts:

Epilepsy: in which abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells cause seizures

Parkinson's disease: which is a dynamic nerve disease that affects movement

Multiple sclerosis (MS): in which the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body’s immune system

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease which weakens the muscles and progressively hampers physical function

Huntington's disease: which is an inherited condition that cause the nerve cells in the brain to degenerate

Alzheimer's disease: which covers a broad range of disorders that impacts mental functions, particularly memory.