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Tourism effects on the environment
Impact of tourism development economically and socially
Tourism effects on the environment
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Once a community becomes a destination, the lives of residents in the community are affected by tourism, and the support of the entire population in the tourism community is essential for the development, planning, successful operation and sustainability of tourism (Jurowski, 1994). When tourists feel that they are welcome by the host community, they are more likely to return and recommend the destination to others. The relationship between residents and foreign tourists is created by the ratio between the behaviour of foreign tourists in the tourist destination and the way local people perceive this behaviour. How the local people perceive the behaviour of foreign tourists, and evaluate it as positive or negative, is determined primarily by
Wall and Mathieson (2006) defined tourism as “the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the establishment which responds to the requirement of travellers and of the impacts that they have on the economic, physical and social wellbeing of their host”. This definition recognizes the key players in the industry as tourists (people who travel out of their usual place of residence), tourism industry (establishments that responds to the needs of travellers), impacts (economic, environmental, social and cultural) and the host community whose tourism resource the tourist have come to enjoy. Moreover, the community a tourist visits is often termed the host community. Cook et al., (2006), defines the host community as towns or cities that welcome visitors and provide them with the desired services. Smith (2001) also defines host communities as people who live in the vicinity of the tourist attraction and are either directly or indirectly involved with, and/or affected by the tourism activities. Tourism involves some elements of interaction between the tourist and the destination
At community levels, tourism offers opportunities for direct, indirect, and induced employment and income, spurring regional and local economic development (Aref, 2010). Tourism usually involves some elements of contact among the tourist and the destination environment. The consequences of these interactions are often referred to as the impacts/ effect of tourism. Most people think of tourism in terms of economic impacts, jobs and taxes. However, Kreag (2001) claims that the range of impacts from tourism is broad and often influences areas beyond those commonly associated with tourism. Leaders as well as residents who understand the potential impacts of tourism can integrate this industry into their community in the most positive way. The impacts of tourism can be sorted into several categories, the most common ones are; economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts (Cook et al., 2006). Each of these categories includes positive and negative impacts. Recent studies indicate that tourism as a factor of change can affect traditional family values (Kousis, 1989), cause cultural commercialization (Cohen, 1988), increase the crime rate (Nicholls, 1976), and lead to negative elements such as prostitution (Cohen, 1988), and gambling (Pizam and Pokela, 1985). According to Peake (1989), before
Impacts of Tourism in Swanage Tourism has the potential to create impacts on the environment and communities that it relies on to accommodate visitors. Its impacts are mitigated by the long history of tourism activity. Communities have become used to tourism activity, and management measures to limit some areas of environmental damage have been implemented. Nevertheless, some impacts are far ranging, and they are set out below: * Inappropriate Development An increase in visitors can lead to pressure for new developments to serve and capitilise on their needs, eg. Caravan parks, visitor centres, cafes, signs, car parks, and additional accommodation.
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., Plaza-Mejía, M. 2011. Explaining Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism: Is a Universal Model Possible?, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 38, Issue 2, pp. 460-80.
Tourism impacts can be generally classified into seven categories with each having both positive and negative impacts. These impacts include; economic, environmental, social and cultural, crowding and congestion, taxes, and community attitude. It is essential for a balance on array of impacts that may either positively or negatively affect the resident communities. Different groups are concerned about different tourism impacts that affect them in one way or another. Tourism’s benefits can be increased by use of specific plans and actions. These can also lead to decrease in the gravity of negative impacts. Communities will not experience every impact but instead this will depend on particular natural resources, development, or spatial patterns (Glen 1999).
There is not really a universally accepted definition of tourism. In 1994 the World Tourism Organization (WTO) revised its definition. It says the tourism comprises of 'the activities of persons travelli...
Tourism can be defined in many ways, for economist people tourists are the main source of earning foreign currency, for private sector it is an act of the developing product, for other tourists receiving community it is an angle of change of lifestyle and for travellers it is a set of activities that motivate the individual to leave home temporarily
UNEP, ‘Leakage’ 2013. Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism: Leakage. [online] Available at: http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/EconomicImpactsofTourism/NegativeEconomicImpactsofTourism/tabid/78784/Default.aspx [Accessed: 10 Nov 2013].
Expansion of tourism sometimes has overcrowding phenomenon(Damon & Vaughan, 1995), which not only congests the roads, but also degrades the aesthetic of this district. Moreover, Greenwood(1977) notes that tourism could trigger commoditisation, while unsustainable tourism increases its probability. According to MacCannell(1973), commoditisation can eliminate the authenticity of local cultural products and human relations. Actually, tourists can feel the fake and change of aboriginal cultural products. As a result, the tourists may seek for other destinations as substitute of the changed historic places. Moreover, the increasing number of tourists could pull up the demand of services, which could disturb the residents’ normal life. This may cause contradiction between tourists and local people and even lead to social conflict finally. In the long term, these social impacts could affect indigenous further
According to the ‘World Tourism Organization’ (UNWTO), the tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world, as it is estimated that by the year 2020, 7.8 billion people (roughly a quarter of the world’s population) will embark on a foreign trip (Bennett & Gebhardt 15). The Caribbean is said to be the most economically dependent on this industry, as the ‘Caribbean Tourism Organisation’ states that the industry forms the “economic backbone of most countries in the Region”(“Caribbean Tourism Industry” 1). The implications for tourism’s affect on the region have arisen and have prompted further research into this matter. Since the 1970’s, research regarding tourism in the Caribbean has attempted to determine the social, cultural, environmental, and economic impacts of tourism. Much of the research has found that there are in fact many negative adverse effects, and Jackson’s article asserts that, “Governments often commit money and other resources to support the growth and development of tourism and often turn a blind eye to its negative impacts” (574).
Today’s global competition, demands a country to keep the true identity., culture becomes the basic aspects that must be maintained, because of the existence of culture effects how closely humans in general act, and be friendly. Cultural or often we refer to as the culture has its own uniqueness, while others interest by the culture then this could make the place tourism.
Tourism is often associated with traveling to places away from home. Tourism has a big impact on the economic growth of some countries, which define the shape of their cities by producing different sectors like historic districts, convention centers, museums, malls, hotels, restaurants, and the list can be endless. Furthermore, tourism elements have been developed by cities for a variety of reasons including: situating themselves in the world by drawing a positive image and attracting visitors and for their money.
Tourism is an important and intricate element to society. It affects economical, social, cultural and environmental elements. Tourism can be argued to have a negative impact on the environment and decrease our already depleting resources, but tourism can also be argued to be a major contributor to strengthening economies, spread cultural traditions and improve people’s lives. Tourism
Based on McIntosh and friends (1995) tourism is a phenomenon and relationship that exists due to interaction between tourist, businessman, government and community as the host in process attract tourist and foreign tourism. Indirectly, this definition clarified tourism is visit or travel to another place within yesterday, aimed amused, rested, traded and so on. In fact, there are four key that related in
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
It is a well-noted fact that tourists from the developed world, or rich western nations, are in favour of visiting unspoilt natural environments and places steeped in tradition. However, Lea (1988) regards such attractions as being a sign of underdevelopment and rarely tolerated by the host nations just because they meet with foreign approval of visitors. Instead, it is the priority of the respective governments to raise living standards to acceptable levels, which means modernisation and the implementation of various infrastructures. Nevertheless, if administered effectively mass tourism could provide a form of sustainable development by meeting the needs of the present without compromising those of the future.
The negative impacts that tourism creates can destroy the environment and all of its resources which it depends of for survival. Tourism has the prospective to create and bring useful effects on to the environment by donation the environmental protection conservation.