Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Communications and technology
Usage of mobile phones
Communications and technology
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Communications and technology
Introduction
The internet and other telecommunications technologies are encouraging advances in virtually every feature of society and all over the world. For instance, promoting commerce, improving education and health care, fostering participating in democracy in the United States and abroad, and facilitating communications among family and friends, whether in the neighborhood or around the globe. Regrettably, may of the attributes of this technology, low cost, ease of use, and anonymous nature, among others, make it an appealing medium for fraudulent scams, child sexual exploitation, and increasingly, a new concern referred as cyberstalking.
Cyber Exploitation and Laws
Cyber exploitation is defined as the non-consensual distribution and publication of intimate photos or videos. The materials are usually stolen by ex-lovers, ex-spouses, associates, or complete strangers through hacking, theft of a cell phone or computer, mostly during a computer repair, a false personal ad, or other means (Fritsch et al, 2015). The stolen photos or videos are then posted on websites or sold for profit to humiliate, damage, harass, physically endanger, or extort the victim. Also, the perpetrators usually post other identifying information with the videos and images, including the victim’s name, links to social
…show more content…
Stalking involves harassing or threatening behavior that an individual engages in repeatedly, such as following a person, appearing at a person’s home or place of business, making harassing phone calls, leaving written messages/vandalizing a person’s property (Fritsch et al, 2015). Mainly stalking laws require that the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim, others include threats against the victim’s immediate family, and require only that the alleged stalker’s course of behavior comprise an implied
Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2010). Toward a deeper understanding of the harms caused by partner stalking. Violence and Victims, 25(4), 440-453. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.440
As said in the text, the definition of stalking behaviors typically includes a pattern and threats. Who defines how often a behavior has to be to become a pattern and when does a statement become a threat? The problem is, for example, some behaviors use romantic gestures that seem innocent enough to a passerby. The victims of stalking know and recognize what the intent of a behavior is, yet to an outsider it looks harmless and the victims are sometimes not taken seriously. The chapter goes on to detail the types of stalkers. To name a few, simple obsessional is one who’s had a relationship of some kind with the victim, love obsessional is one who stalks a stranger, and erotomanic is more than likely a female who thinks the male victim is in love with her. The text also describes how different stalking can happen. With the technology today, cyberstalking and specific surveillance such as GPS tracking devices and tapping the victims phone, is simple, easy and leaves the victim unaware that anything is happening. Stalking victims typically are women and statistics show one third of female murder victims were also victims of
The stalkers involved in stalking are married or divorced, casual or serious sexual partners or formal sexual partners. They may also be live-in partners or former boyfriend or girlfriend. The stalker and victim might have history of domestic
In the case of stalking, which is relatively new in the research arena and thus has a limited evidence base to inform practice, SPJ appears to be the most appropriate as only a detailed and flexible risk assessment process that takes into account the different forms of potential damage can provide a basis for management that reduces the potential harm to the victim and the stalker both (Mullen et al, 2006). Further research into stalking risk factors and comprehensive assessment tools will aid the development of more accurate and detailed procedures specific to the assessment of risk in stalking.
When people hear the word stalking, they mainly associate the term with a stranger who follows around someone. However, most stalkers are former friends or partners of their victims. Stalking is a criminal activity of someone harassing or threatening another person repeatedly. About 90% of stalkers are men and 80% of victims are women, but 8% of men and 2% of women have been stalked in their lifetime. However, stalking is extremely difficult to prove because it is a case of “he said, she said”. Therefore, stalking is sometimes overlooked. There are many types of stalkers with crazy motivations, outrageous personalities and behaviors and they have forever changed the lives of their victims.
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., & Ybarra, M. L. (2008). Online “Predators” and their Victims: Myths, Realities and Implications for Prevention and Treatment. American Psychologist, 63. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/Am%20Psy%202-08.pdf
I suppose that I should inform you as to the legal definition of stalking before I go any further with this paper. There really is no one definition, each state has the right to put down on paper their own definition of what they this is stalking. Most states will agree that stalking is a willful course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment or another individual that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested, and that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested. Basically this is saying that in order for there to be stalking, a person need to feel like their life is in danger, they are unable to lead a normal life cause of another person that won?t leave them alone.
Intimate partner stalkers are typically known as the guy who "just can’t let go." These are most often men who refuse to believe that a relationship has really ended. Often, other people - even the victims - feel sorry for them. But they shouldn’t. Studies show that the vast majority of these stalkers are not sympathetic, lonely people who are still hopelessly in love, but were in fact emotionally abusive and controlling during the relationship. Many have criminal histories unrelated to stalking. Well over half of stalkers fall into this "former intimate partner" category.
Reyns (2013) argues that proving victim fear in stalking cases is especially difficult because stalking is characterized by repeated victimization that may change the level of fear experienced by a victim over time. In a study using the National Crime Victimization Survey, Reyns (2013) asked people who were categorized as stalking victims based on their responses to the survey whether they experienced fear at the onset or during the course of their perpetrator’s criminal behavior. The stalking tactics used by the perpetrator were also measured such that participants reported whether they were physically stalked, stalked via online or electronics, whether their perpetrator used tracking devices, the severity of the stalking behavior, and how
Stalking involves threatening behaviors and harassment. It is not the type of actions that should be taken lightly because it can lead to much more violent behaviors. This is why stalking is a very important topic to address when discussing intimate violence. All too often stalking will lead to further violence by not only strangers but acquaintances and former partners. It can also become a toxic situation where harm or death results (Meadows, 2010). Stalking cases can vary in several ways. For instance, the way the stalking takes place and/or the motives behind the stalking. Stalking can begin to happen before the victim even realizes it and that is why it is important to gain knowledge on how to deal with the situation.
From the comfort of an internet user’s own home they truly have the world at their finger tips. They have access to a Global Market place through the internet. Cyberspace offers unlimited options for quick and easy ways to shop, find investment opportunities, communicate, and much more. Unfortunately however, in today’s world fraudsters also find the internet to be a quick and easy way to fool and rob unsuspecting surfers with false advertising and false promises. The fraudsters target those who do not know how to determine the validity of online offers and sales. According to the National Fraud Information Center (NFC) there were 36,802 complaints of internet fraud in 2002, and the complaints increased to 37,183 in 2003 (Internet Scams). This growing problem affects internet users everywhere, who can lose hundreds of dollars to these cunning, ruthless scam artists.
In today's society, many aspects of crime are committed on a regular basis. Civilians take advantage of people all the time using online resources such as fraudulent websites requiring credit card information to get a free monthly trial. Other examples of cyber crimes include online chat websites, full of predators, or websites needing a downloadable program that contains a hacking virus. Sadly, there are many cases of cyber crime all over the internet. The acts of cyber crimes are considered violent acts like any other.
Violence against women is not always physical. With the continuing advancements in technology, cyber stalking is an increasing way for predators to attack women. “Cyber stalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk someone which may be a computer crime or harassment.” The anonymity of interacting with someone online makes it very easy to stalk someone without even leaving home. Cyber stalkers have a sense of security that since they are not seen, they will not be identified. It is estimated that over 75% of victims are women. This estimated figure is lower than the actual number because a large majority of cyber stalking goes unreported.
Norma fell victim to what is known as revenge porn, which is a subset of nonconsensual pornography, or the “nonconsensual distribution of sexually explicit photograph or videos online”, frequently accompanied by identifying information. In many cases ex-partners are the perpetrators, but other instances of nonconsensual pornography include hacking or material recorded without the victims knowledge . Nonconsensual pornography can cause terrible damage to the victim’s personal reputation, career, and well being. Victims have reported that in addition to online harassment, they have experienced offline forms of harassment, including “threatening phone calls, house call, mail, [and] stalking.” Entire websites, such as myex.com, are dedicated
Cybercrime is a global issue plaguing the world. The dictionary defines cybercrime as “crime conducted via the Internet or some other computer network”(Merriam-Webster). The definition remains very broad because the word “cyber” is defined as “relating to the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality.” Due to the growing number of people gaining access to the internet, rapid development of technology, and the globalization of the world, more of the world population is becoming susceptible to involvement in cybercrime – whether it be as a victim or a criminal. Cybercrime involves different levels of the world on both the victim and criminal side, from an individual citizen, to small groups, businesses, and the government, to the countries of the world.