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Different Types of Stalking
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Stalking involves threatening behaviors and harassment. It is not the type of actions that should be taken lightly because it can lead to much more violent behaviors. This is why stalking is a very important topic to address when discussing intimate violence. All too often stalking will lead to further violence by not only strangers but acquaintances and former partners. It can also become a toxic situation where harm or death results (Meadows, 2010). Stalking cases can vary in several ways. For instance, the way the stalking takes place and/or the motives behind the stalking. Stalking can begin to happen before the victim even realizes it and that is why it is important to gain knowledge on how to deal with the situation.
The first issue to discuss is determining the motive of the stalker. There is not one type of stalker; this is reflected by the numerous categories created pertaining to a stalker’s motive. Typologies have been created to illustrate these varying types of stalkers. One typology, developed by Zona, Palarea and Lane (1998), used information gathered from ...
When they feel rejected they can become extremely violent towards whoever they feel rejected them. Celebrities need to be made aware of how to handle stalkers, so that when they are faced with the problem they can deal with it properly. A forensic science graduate states, "Risk management strategies for this type should emphasize the need for professional protection of the target despite the low frequency risk of violence, since the injury is likely to be more serious if violence does occur …" (Mohandie). Many celebrities won't go to the police to report stalkers because they do not believe it is a real problem. This does not help them get the stalker to go away. When celebrities learn about how to deal with stalkers they are more likely to report the problem to the
“Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence, is defined as a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors, including physical, sexual, and psychological attacks as well as economic coercion that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners” (Peeks-Asa). When it comes to domestic violence many people don’t want to get involved, but if just one person took a stand maybe others would follow and potentially save a life, like the neighbors did in The Day It Happened by Rosario Morales. Domestic violence can happen to anyone at any time, there is no typical victim or perpetrator. The fact that there is no one specific group that domestic violence occurs in more than another, only makes it more difficult to get an accurate representation of just who is being affected by this crime. “Domestic violence and abuse does not discriminate” (Smith and Segal). Domestic violence can have specific victims such as a spouse or domestic partner, a child, or an elder. Domestic violence can affect men as well as women. Some types of domestic violence are physical, verbal or nonverbal, sexual, stalking or cyberstalking, economic or financial, and spiritual.
Now, relationship violence can be explained as a spouse of boyfriend/girlfriend using controlling behavior to intimidate, blame, isolate or threaten their partner (physically, emotional...
In conclusion we find that cyberstalking is one of the most dangerous forms of stalking. People who feel safer harming others from far away use this method the most, and like regular stalking it can cause serious damage.
Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2010). Toward a deeper understanding of the harms caused by partner stalking. Violence and Victims, 25(4), 440-453. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.440
They believe that the survivor is also in love with them. The stalker sees the survivor as their most ideal partner and even any negative feedback or unwilling behavior seems like love from the survivor. The stalker sees his/her stalking time as an investment time of love for the survivor. The personality characteristics associated with this stalker type are shy and usually have no intimate relationships. The survivor maybe someone they know or just ant stranger. The stalking behaviors are loving and shows a lot of attention. Their behavior may turn violent if they keep being rejected. This stalker will get jealous if the survivor is in a relationship. Its very hard to stop this stalker type from stalking. They view all legal notices as challenges and obstacles that they need to cross and get to their love the
The stalkers involved in stalking are married or divorced, casual or serious sexual partners or formal sexual partners. They may also be live-in partners or former boyfriend or girlfriend. The stalker and victim might have history of domestic
Stalking is extremely dangerous, and most victims of this crime report that their lives are changed forever because they live the rest of their lives in constant fear. This act of crime is commonly underestimated and not seen as threatening as it is. In most cases, stalking can only be stopped with the help of law enforcement. Victims and stalkers are both affected by stalking, and it is in their best interest for both to get serious help as soon as they can.
Domestic violence, or battering, is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The batterer uses acts of violence and a series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, a...
In the case of stalking, which is relatively new in the research arena and thus has a limited evidence base to inform practice, SPJ appears to be the most appropriate as only a detailed and flexible risk assessment process that takes into account the different forms of potential damage can provide a basis for management that reduces the potential harm to the victim and the stalker both (Mullen et al, 2006). Further research into stalking risk factors and comprehensive assessment tools will aid the development of more accurate and detailed procedures specific to the assessment of risk in stalking.
Douglas, John E., and Mark Olshaker. Obsession: The FBI's legendary profiler probes the psyches of killers, rapists, and stalkers and their victims and tells how to fight back. New York, NY: Scribner, 1998. 16-41. Print.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is historically referred to as domestic violence. It describes a pattern of coercive and assaultive behavior that may include psychological abuse, progressive isolation, sexual assault, physical injury, stalking, intimidation, deprivation, and reproductive coercion among partners (The Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF), 1999). IPV leads to lifelong consequences such as lasting physical impairment, emotional trauma, chronic health problems, and even death. It is an issue effecting individuals in every community, regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, nationality or educational background. Eighty-five percent of domestic violence victims are women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003). More than one in three women in the United States have experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2012). Thirty to sixty percent of perpetrators tend to also abuse children in the household (Edelson, 1999). Witnessing violence between parents or caretakers is considered the strongest risk factor of transmitting violent behavior from one generation to the next (Break the Cycle, 2006).
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), can be described as “"domestic violence," "intimate partner violence" describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former intimate partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples (National Institute of Justice, 2007). IPV has both male/female perpetrators and male/female victims. According to the National Institute of Justice (2007), “women are more likely to be victims of stalking and other victimizations than men” There are certain characteristics that allow women to become victims of victimization; early parenthood, severe poverty, and having an alcoholic partner. Black and Hispanic women who are young and live in the city carry a big chance of being victimized, as well as those women who lack an education and live in poverty. On the other hand Meadows (2010) also explains the characteristics of the male batterers. He explains that males become violent against their partner because of insecurity, fear of losing control, jealousy but especially their sole instinct of being in control (p.70).
Intimate partner stalkers are typically known as the guy who "just can’t let go." These are most often men who refuse to believe that a relationship has really ended. Often, other people - even the victims - feel sorry for them. But they shouldn’t. Studies show that the vast majority of these stalkers are not sympathetic, lonely people who are still hopelessly in love, but were in fact emotionally abusive and controlling during the relationship. Many have criminal histories unrelated to stalking. Well over half of stalkers fall into this "former intimate partner" category.
Threatening behavior or unwanted advances directed at another using the Internet or other forms of online communication is considered cyberstalking. This form of stalking has emerged in recent years. Very little is known about cyberstalking, but its behaviors can vary from a nonthreatening e-mail to a potentially deadly encounter between the stalker and targeted victim.