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Gothic literature and culture
History of gothic literature essays
Gothic literature and culture
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James Hogg was born in 1770 in Scotland. His family was a devoted to both farming and religion. His father was an Elder at the church, so he always grew up in a religious background. In 1824 Hogg wrote the critically acclaimed and controversial novel, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner. The novel provided satire on the Calvinist Doctrine of predestination. Predestination is the belief that God has since the start of time, pre ordained the saved. Basically, it is pre-decided who will go to Heaven and who will go to Hell. These chosen few who have already been chosen for Heaven can live their lives however they please, regardless of the moral implications because they have already been saved. Robert Wringham is the focus …show more content…
He becomes quite mad through his years. It is clear the Gill just want’s power and to control Robert’s life. This then leads Robert to loose his identity, completely getting rid of who he is and becomes a full pledged psychopath. He commits crime after crime and sin after sin. It is at this point while reading that the reader begins to feel a bit of sadness for Robert. Her is pathetic, mad, crazy and suffering immensely in this world. As he grows older, he becomes completely consumed by Gill. He becomes tormented to the point where he cannot sleep and he just wonders the street with no money, no friends, no family and no home. He is past the point of no return. This sad life leads him to commit suicide to escape his own personal Hell on Earth. Robert’s only salvation was death. It was the only way to escape Gill and himself. The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner is a controversial, unique story of the time. It hits on the key aspects of the supernatural, religious intolerance and the inner minds of characters. Robert Wringham is a clear indication that Romanticism works from the time have the key traits of sin suffering and …show more content…
From childhood he was unlike those around him. He went to school to study art and found his love of poetry. From his early childhood, Blake spoke of having visions. He spoke of seeing God and the Angels. He married his with Catherine Boucher in 1782. His brother, Robert died, but this is where Blake got a lot of inspiration for his work. In 1789 Blake wrote and illustrated the popular Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience in 1794. His poetry was extremely non-conformist and focused on imagination, rather than reason. Both works have many common parallels and themes. His poetry also deals with the common aspect of a romanticism work; it has moments of sin, suffering and salvation. In Songs of Innocence, The Chimney Sweeper, it is a heartbreaking poem about the young children that were forced into doing labor as chimneysweepers. Mostly because they were the only ones small enough to fit in the spaces and they were sold into that work. It was damaging and cruel how they treated these children and Blake writes about it in such a powerful way. In the first stanza alone the reader learns about the difficult life and the suffering this child has had to overcome, “When my mother died when I was young, my father sold me while yet my tongue…so, your Chimney’s I sweep and in soot I sleep.” (Songs of Innocence) This poor child is portrayed so innocently and gentle, yet leads this suffering unfortunate life. People treated
Throughout Hawthorne’s short stories which examine secret sin based in Puritan societies, the protagonist, Mr. Hooper, a preacher in Milford, describes to his wife “Do not desert me though this veil must be between us here on earth” (32). Hooper who has arrived at a point where his community and wife have abandoned him while on his deathbed realizes that he is deserted because of his secret sin. This description of utter loneliness is in contrast with Hawthorne’s portrayal of Hooper, who once was a prominent priest in the Milford area. Hawthorne’s depiction of Mr. Hooper’s secret sin, taking form in the black veil alters his life indefinetely. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories, the author identifies secret sin as the cause of isolation, relationship struggles, and the community’s behavior.
James Hogg's classic novel, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, portrays the fictional story of Robert Wringhim, a strong Calvinist who justifies murder by quickening the inevitable. Robert commits infamous acts of evil, believing that these murderous actions glorify God by annihilating sinners not chosen to be saved. I believe that a combination of factors involving both nurture and nature shape Wringhim into the suffering creature that he becomes. The greatest of these factors include Paranoia Schizophrenia, Multiple Personality Disorder, and the rejection of society.
Human nature causes a desire to run away from places and people full of love, into a life that is empty in all ways, and go running back to the open arms of loved ones once self-preservation runs out. This idea of running away and returning was used in the Bible to exemplify man running away from God with selfish ambition only to return to a God with His arms wide open, welcoming the son back home and treating him as though he had never left. In his Confessions Augustine shares his personal Prodigal Son moment, the journey that led him away from, then back to, his Creator. Such is a journey that most individuals find themselves on at one point or another, leaving and then returning to his or her Creator.
One of the most documented and honest journeys to accepting Christ is presented in St. Augustine’s book, Confessions. He embarks on a mission to find truth and explains the many barriers he had to overcome to understand the greatness of God. Throughout the book, St. Augustine lays out different significant milestones that enabled him to overcome certain barriers of thought that he originally believed. These significant milestones included him meeting Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, the learning of Neoplatonism, meeting Simplicianus and Ponticianus which lead him soon after to convert, and finally reaching the end of his journey to Catholicism when he becomes baptized. Each of these milestones presented a realization that played a significant
This paper will outline specific points in Saint Augustine’s Confessions that highlight religious views following the fall of Rome. Though Augustines views on religion may not reflect that of most people in his time period, it still gives valuable insight into how many, namely Neoplatonists,, viewed God and his teachings.
While they may not make very good theology, these dogmas at least provided material for two nineteenth-century character studies, James Hogg’s The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner and J.G. Lockhart’s Adam Blair. Written when much (but not all) of post-Enlightenment Scotland had taken an anti-clerical, anti-religious stance, these novels explore the faith of the previous generation and how fundamentalist Presbyterianism may have gone horribly wrong. The protagonists of each book react in completely opposite ways to their sinful acts; Lockhart’s eponymous character has a nearly legalistic view of his own sin, while Hogg’s Robert Wringhim follows a more antinomian path. Oddly enough, it is the former who ends up redeemed and the other damned, but their respective journeys toward those ends follow much of the same path.
The relationship between entertainment and violence has always been rife with controversy. Today’s debate over violent video games, movies, and television shows is yet another manifestation of this timeless issue. In Confessions, Augustine addresses how humans consume violence as entertainment and proposes two reasons for why they do so. One is an act of pleasure seeking that uses the sight of tragedy or violence to bask in the feeling of false pity. The other is a carnal desire for excitement and adrenaline fueled by primal instincts. According to Augustine, both motivations degrade and dehumanize the viewer of violence. However, Augustine deeply valued the importance of learning from any viable source; Cicero’s Hortensius convinces him “that
In both “Roger Malvin's Burial” and “The Minister's Black Veil,” Nathaniel Hawthorne centralizes the themes of sin, guilt, and repentance. Both are very much set in terms of what defines sin and, in turn, what would constitute action leaving an opening for forgiveness, and both leave many a question unanswered in the story being told. The main question for us becomes, then, one of applicability. Does either story hold a message, if so, what? In considering the two, it may be that they do indeed hold a message, but maybe that message is not one that Hawthorne himself could ever have intended. In this paper I will deal with the themes of guilt, sin, repentance and how Hawthorne developed them in both stories.
The faith of the Puritan people was a huge part of many aspects of their daily lives. Their writing is no exception. While most Puritans had a strong faith, some viewed God in a different light than others. Reverend Jonathan Edwards was one of the most famous preachers of his time and was well-known throughout the Puritan faith. Many people attended his sermons, which were always read in a well-composed manner. His sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”, is his most famous work. He describes God as a vengeful figure who hates the sinners on his Earth. While Edwards had his way of looking at things and passed that on to others via worship, Anne Bradstreet, one of the first female poets in American history, had a more peaceful view of
Starting with the first stanza, Blake creates a dark and depressing tone. He uses words such as died, weep, soot, and cry to support this tone. In the first two lines the child shares his family with us, stating his mother’s death and the fact that his father sold him sharing that the child must come from a poor background “When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue”(Lines 1-2). The image of a poor child getting tossed into another unhappy place sets the tone for the beginning of this poem. Blake uses the word “weep”, instead of “sweep” in the first stanza to show the innocence of the child “Could scarcely cry weep weep weep weep”(3). The fact that the child cried “weep” instead of sweep shows that the child could not be any older than four. Blake describes that they sleep in soot also meaning they are sleeping in their death bed. The average life span of children who work in chimneys is ten years due to the harsh work environment. The child portrays sorrow in the last line of the first stanza “So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep.”(4)
In the book The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, the two characters Robert Wringhim and Gil-Martin are introduced early on in the Private Memoirs. Robert Wringhim is the second son of wealthy laird, George Colwan. He is rejected by his father after the firstborn son George Colwan Jr. He is adopted by Robert Wringhim Sr., the local minister. Within Wringhims mind it is evident how deeply hateful he is of his biological father and brother. The editor’s narrative gives a detailed account of the events that transpired, but the Private Memoirs provides the first hand account through Robert Wringhims eyes. Ultimately we see how Wringhim spirals into madness from different perspectives. The two texts often give both similar and
He portrayed their innocence through their interactions with others. Whereas in Blake’s poetry, the children were shown as innocent through their demeanor or through their physical appearance. An example of this would be in Wordsworth’s poem “We are Seven”. Innocence was shown through the little cottage girl’s interaction with the narrator.
As growing adolescents, there are things that we do not understand because of our maturity level. Frank O’Connor and Amy Tan utterly display this in their stories, “First Confession” and “Two Kinds.” To fully understand the things we go through we have to grow and learn from our experiences or learn from our peers. In the story, “First Confession,” Jackie is a young boy who has thoughts of killing his grandmother and actually tries to kill his sister with a butter knife.
Although both Blake and Wordsworth show childhood as a state of greater innocence and spiritual vision, their view of its relationship with adulthood differs - Blake believes that childhood is crushed by adulthood, whereas Wordsworth sees childhood living on within the adult. In the William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience, the vision of children and adults is placed in opposition to one another. Blake portrays childhood as a time of optimism and positivity, of heightened connection with the natural world, and where joy is the overpowering emotion. This joyful nature is shown in Infant Joy, where the speaker, a newborn baby, states “’I am happy, Joy is my name.’” (Line 4-5).
Nurmi, Martin K. "Fact and Symbol in The Chimney Sweeper' of Blake's Songs of Innocence." Blake: A Collection of Critical Essays. Northrop Frye ,ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966.