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Christianity in the Roman Empire
Christianity in the Roman Empire
How would you describe Christian persecution in Rome
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The Christian persecution refers to the “religious persecution of Christians as a consequence of professing their faith, both historically and in the current era” (Princeton.edu, 2013). Over the years in history, Christians have experienced persecution for professing their faith under the hands of different nations and individuals. The persecutors include; Jews-from which Christianity originates, the Roman Empire, Hindu groups and Muslim groups. The reasons for the persecutions of Christians by various groups are still unclear. Rumors have it that Christians were persecuted because they were atheists, incestuous and cannibals (Morey, 2013; Lunn-Rockliffe, 2011). These rumors have however not been proven and continue to be treated just like that -rumors. Nevertheless, it is undisputed that various good Roman emperors persecuted Christians. It has been said that they were called good emperors because of having such great success in securing the empires borders, a prosperous economy, and an overall general peace which their predecessors had failed (Thenagain.info, 2013). Therefore, this paper delves into the persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire, particularly in the reigns of the five said good emperors- Nerva, Hadrian, Trajan, Marcus Aurelias, and Antonius Pius.
Nerva ruled Roman Empire from 96-98 AD. Nerva had been chosen to be the Emperor by the assassins of the previous emperor, Domitian. Various good things characterized Nerva’s reign. First, he was a conservative man who succeeded in fairly dealing with and creating a great working relation with the senate. Secondly, he was also able to finish all of the Domitian`s projects, valued good public image and thus spent a lot in trying to achieve it and attempted to p...
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...g it at the Stoics school and he highly embodied its principles.
Marcus Aurelius was a fanatical stoic and showed no love for Christians. He adhered to Trajan’s rescript, however he did reinstate anonymous denouncements, but his main concern was keeping peace in the empire. He introduced a Christian spy system with a reward of being able to get the property of the accused Christian. These rewards motivated accusers and many a Christian were captured and persecuted by authorities. The persecutions were barbaric and cruel in nature. After the reign of Marcus, a lull of 20-year persecution free of the church was experienced.
CONCLUSION
Though the Roman reign under Nerva, Hadrian, Trajan, Marcus Aurelias, and Antonius Pius was marked with progress in all spheres from development to civilization, these reigns were also marked with great persecution of Christians.
Roman emperor Julian the Apostate and Christian leader Antony both exhibited many qualities of character during their existence. Both of them led very distinctive lives although shared several ethical values. Book 25 of “The Later Roman Empire” and the book “Early Christian Lives” show concrete evidence of this. In the following essay, I will argue how both leaders’ lives were devoted to their religious beliefs and their mutual cardinal virtues.
...eligious practices. Christianity affected not only the Roman Empire but many other countries as well, altering their practices and making way for worship in the present day.
He professed to the congregation that he would go to the proconsul to be tried and in so doing, he would be martyred in front of his congregation willingly and they would become “partners in the graces” with him. It was recorded that Galerius Maximus, issued and judged the trial and after Cyprian denied the religion of Rome, he was acceptably sentenced to death. This martyr, would set off a ricochet of fellow martyrs from the Christian church, causing fear and loss of leadership to continue to damage the Christians throughout the empire. Valerian’s persecutions would be the most devastating actions from the emperor up until the time of Diocletian, the motivation behind the persecutions were in some way similar to his predecessor’s, Decius, but also involved many other problems, which will now be discussed below.
The rise of Christianity in Rome did not come easily. It came with much destruction and death. The spark of Christianity in Rome came from an appearance of Martyrs in Rome. Martyrs were people that were executed for going against the common beliefs of pagan (polytheistic) ways. (Tignor, 2011, p. 286) Because of these awful executions, Christianity is said to be based off of “the blood of martyrs.” One of their main ways of spreading Christianity was through the sharing of their writings and by 300 CE there was an exceptional amount of book production throughout Rome. (Tignor, 2011, p. 289) “Christianity operated as one among many minority religions in the Roman Empire, and on several occasions experienced widespread persecution, especially under the emperors Nero (r. 54–68), Decius (r. 249–251), and Diocletian (r. 284–305). However, the situation changed radically under the emperor Constantine (r. 306–337), who in 313 issued the Edict of Milan that made Christianity a legitimate religion in the empire.” (Melton, 2010, p. 634)
... three centuries. Marcus Aurelius did, however, win over the people. He proved to be popular by the people because he showed civil behavior, allowing for free speech among the people. In fact, the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize the emperor without facing consequences. Moreover, Marcus Aurelius gained the support of the senate with his rhetorical speech skills, where in one instance the emperor helped convey the dire circumstances that had occurred due to an earthquake.
The spread of Christianity overtime replaced the old warrior religion changing the way of life, and at the giving it new meaning. With the coming of Christianity a hope for poets also came about. As the conversion of Ireland to Christianity took place a new era known as Ireland's Golden Age began to take over. Christian munks worked hard preserving literature of the ancient world and works of popular culture. Due to the rapid growth of Christianity the Anglo-Saxon's were given a common faith, a common system of morality and right conduct, linking England with Europe.
PBS, "The Roman empire in the first century." Last modified 2006. Accessed February 2, 2014. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/christians.html.
The persecution of Christians that went on in the first, as well as the second century, was random and local. Nero was the emperor that started the persecution of Christians. After the Great Fire of Rome, the Christians were blamed and called arsonists, as well as causing them to receive vicious deaths in Rome. During the second century, the Christians were often just ignored. Even at the end of the 5 Good Emperors reigns, Christians still didn’t represent a large part of the Roman society.
Constantine I (February 27, 280 C.E.- May 22, 337 C.E.), also known as Constantine the Great, was the first Roman emperor to not only abolish persecution of Christians, but he was also the first to convert to Christianity in 312 A.D. Around 200 years later, in 496 A.D. Clovis I (466 C.E.- 511 C.E.), the King of the Franks, converted to Christianity, in which he was called a “new Constantine” . Constantine and Clovis’ reign through Christianity were alike in the way that they decided to convert. However, the two emperors were different in their commitment to God and their impacts on the church and state.
The purpose of this essay is to examine the barriers to the spread of Christianity during the Roman Empire. The relationship between Christians, Jews, and the Roman Empire was quite complicated. The Romans became involved with the Jews in 63 B.C.E. as part of their domination of the eastern Mediterranean. Christianity originated 6 B.C.E – 29 C. E. by a Palestinian Jew named Jesus, proclaiming to be the Messiah. The NIV Bible is the primary source for this essay. Leviticus from the Old Testament is written as a series of rituals or laws given to Moses by God. The book of Acts, I Corinthians and Galatians are from the New Testament. Acts was written by Luke, one of Jesus’ disciples, and outlines the spread of Christianity. I Corinthians and Galatians are letters to the early church written by Paul, a leader and missionary. The authors of the books of the Bible record eye witness accounts and revelations from God. The World History I textbook and The Survey of World History/Civilization online content are secondary sources used to connect events in the Bible to historical events during the Roman Empire. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire despite opposition from the Jews, the Romans, and problems with the early church.
Another factor, which many scholars believe to be the single most important in the spread of Christianity, is the Pax Romana. This saw a period of over two hundred years, between 30 b.c. and a.d. 193, in which there was almost total world peace, Antoninus Pius wrote in circa 150 a.d., " Wars have so far vanished as to be regarded as legendary events of the past". This peace brought great prosperity to the vast Roman Empire as money was not being spent on costly wars and so materialism became prominent, another consequence was that people now had more time to think about issues such as religion. Another benefit of the Pax Romana was that frontiers were removed and so early missionaries could travel between countries within the Empire with ease, "A man can travel from one country to another although it was his nature land" (Pius). Also, because of a "considerable civil service" (Frend) to police the roads, there was a great decrease in the amount of bandits on the main roads and so the missionaries travel was a great deal safer.
In the closing years of the 1st century, Roman authorities executed a sufficient number of Christians. In general, the provincial governors had wide discretionary powers of jurisdiction, but knowledge of Nero’s actions may have set a precedent in regards to the handling of Christians and may have also encouraged local enemies of Christians to try to persuade a governor to accept their accusations and proceed against the accused on the assumption that they were guilty of conduct detrimental to the interest of the Roman State.
In the first half of the third century, Christian persecution was fragmented and while Christianity was illegal, there is not evidence that it was widely persecuted. It also grew enormously during this time. Mostly, very outspoken Christian leaders were persecuted. In 249, the emperor, Trajan Decius, issued an edict that required all citizens to sacrifice to the gods. After this edict, there are numerous reports of Christian martyrdom in Alexandria, Smyrna and parts of Egypt. In 257, persecution was renewed under Valerian. After his reign, Galienus issued an edict ending the persecution of Christians, and peace in regards to religion was maintained throughout his rule . During this time, Christians became part of many Roman institutions, including the Senate and the Roman Army. It remained relatively stable until 303 under Diocletian and the tetrarchy. This period, called the Great Persecution, lasted until 312. Essentially, these persecutions led to an even greater spread of Christianity, and the cruelty of the Roman emperors’ in their treatment of Christians helped to quicken it.
The single most important aspect of European empires, beginning just prior to the fall of Rome, is the spread of Christianity to all areas of the continent in as little as a few hundred years. Many theologians state that Christianities spread is the indirect influence of God and the adoration of people to one true faith. Though it is true that Christianity has brought about people that even atheists could call saints, it is unquestionable that Christianity was so monumental because it united larger groups of people and its spread is contributed to adherence to local customs and its lack of new ideas in comparison to other religions of the day.
When Christianity emerged in the Roman Empire, it was immediately marked as a superstitious and mysterious cult composed of revolutionaries, adulterers, cannibals, atheists, and sexual perverts. Fueled by these rumours, local governors such as Pliny the Younger, began the first wave of Christian persecution lasting from 30 CE - 250 CE. Though violent, resulting in the execution and torture of tens of thousands of Christians, the second phase of Christian persecution was far more violent, with its varying imperial edicts. Diocletian, a common man, launched the bloodiest attack against Christians in 303 CE resulting in the destruction of Christian meeting houses, Christian scripture, and the deaths of thousands of Christians. However, as much as Diocletian tried to squash Christianity, Christians refused to yield. Though much of his reign he wanted to destroy the Christian faith, his reign eventually led to the succession of Emperor Constantine and birthing Christianity as the main religion of the Roman