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11.2 types of chemical reaction
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Oxidation
Oxidation is the process of something being rusted or oxidized. This process has many ways to oxidize something. For example, when something is exposed to moisture it begins to oxidize. If a banana is is sitting out for too long, it will start turning brown and getting bruised up. That is what oxidation is. Technically the item doesn’t always have to turn into rust, like I said, it is many ways things can be oxidized. Oxidation is the loss of electrons in something. So like that banana it has lost its electrons so therefore it can no longer hold its fresh yellow color. It is going to oxidize because of the exposure to the moisture in the environment it is in. There would be no such thing as oxidation if it were not for oxygen.
Oxygen was added to this process also. Oxygen is a odorless element that we all need to survive. It is also provided by trees. With lack of oxygen we wouldn’t be able to breathe. The main oxidation that everyone knows is the rusting of a piece of metal. If i chair sits in the sun for too long and it rains and is humid outside, the metal has been exposed to moisture, and hot heat, so it is going to oxidize.
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This is when reduction and oxidation combine. Reduction is the process of making something smaller than it already is, shrinking it either in degree or size. The redox reaction is when an electron is loss, but you gain another one. When you lose an electron this is when you start to see the oxidation, because you will most likely notice that it is beginning to start rusting, but when you gain other electrons, it is being reduced, because it is either beginning to get smaller in size or, smaller in degree. Redox reaction stands for reduction oxidation. That is just a shorter way of saying, in this process, you will see oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is also a loss of hydrogen but, reduction is the opposite which is the gain of
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. The molecular weight of this compound is 146.2g/mol. It is converted into 2-ethyl-1-hydroxyhexan-3-one. This compounds molecular weight is 144.2g/mol. This gives a theoretical yield of .63 grams. My actual yield was .42 grams. Therefore, my percent yield was 67%. This was one of my highest yields yet. I felt that this was a good yield because part of this experiment is an equilibrium reaction. Hypochlorite must be used in excess to push the reaction to the right. Also, there were better ways to do this experiment where higher yields could have been produced. For example PCC could have been used. However, because of its toxic properties, its use is restricted. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of the 3 compounds was formed from the starting material. The third compound was the oxidation of both alcohols. This could not have been my product because of the results of my IR. I had a broad large absorption is the range of 3200 to 3500 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of an alcohol. If my compound had been fully oxidized then there would be no such alcohol present. Also, because of my IR, I know that my compound was one of the other 2 compounds because of the strong sharp absorption at 1705 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of a carbonyl. Also, my 2,4-DNP test was positive. Therefore I had to prove which of the two compounds my final product was. The first was the oxidation of the primary alcohol, forming an aldehyde and a secondary alcohol. This could not have been my product because the Tollen’s test. My test was negative indicating no such aldehyde. Also, the textbook states that aldehydes show 2 characteristic absorption’s in the range of 2720-2820 wavenumbers. No such absorption’s were present in my sample. Therefore my final product was the oxidation of the secondary alcohol. My final product had a primary alcohol and a secondary ketone
oxygen out of the blood and uses it in the body's cells. The cells use
The Industrial Revolution was not only a turning point in the progress of human history, but the start of a great change in the Earth’s environment. Technological advances in industry and mass migration into urban areas led to a rising demand for energy sources, a demand met by fossil fuels. Casper, J. (2010) describes coal as ‘symbolic of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution’, the increased combustion of these ‘dirty’ fossil fuels further polluted the air and enhanced the volume of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Changes in land use attributed to population rise, reduced the amount of photosynthesising biomass on Earth, diminished an important ‘carbon sink’ and concluded to enhance the Greenhouse Effect.
The evidence that supports the oxygen theory include: Urbanite and pyrite are readily oxidized today, in modern times, but are found unoxidized in sediments from here, chemical “building blocks” could not have formed in the presence of oxygen and the simplest living organisms have an anaerobic metabolism and would have been killed by oxygen. It also included the origin of the continental crust. Most of the early crust was mafic and the continental developed secondary to that.
Oxygen is an essential component for cellular metabolic processes. As a result of normal cellular metabolism, oxidative products i.e. oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species are produced. In eukaryotic cells energy is generated in mitochondria as a result of aerobic respiration and this oxidative metabolism is responsible for formation of various compounds. Nearly all of these compounds are advantageous but a small proportion could be lethal if produced in higher concentration. During normal conditions small quantities of oxidative products are necessary for certain sub cellular events, including enzyme activation, formation of disulfide bond during the folding of new proteins, signal transduction and gene expression etc. (Yu etal., 2002; Droge, 2002). Oxidative stress can be defined as the excessive production of ROS which are not adequately removed from the body, because of reduced antioxidant defense system or the ROS increases beyond the capacity of antioxidants. The balance between oxidants and antioxidants is vital because oxidative stress can cause oxidative damages to N.A, lipids and proteins. The most important ROS are superoxide anion (O2−), singlet oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH-). Whereas, antioxidant defense system is responsible to give protection against ROS. These antioxidants can scavenge and destroy ROS. The major antioxidant enzymes are catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) PON ….. and glutathione system (Sies, 1985; Valko et al., 2007; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1990).
An Investigation into the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Aim: To investigate the rate of decomposition of H2O2 with different amounts of catalyst (MnO2). Hypothesis: When H2O2 and a catalyst are mixed together, the catalyst would break down H2O2 into water and oxygen. This will result in bubbles being produced. With the data of these oxygen bubbles, the rate at which H2O2 decomposed could be found out. 2H2O2 (l) à2H2O + O2 The controlwould be to maintain the same temperature (room temperature) and to use the same amount of hydrogen peroxide (10ml) in all the tubes.
All living cells need oxygen in order to carry out their various functions. These functions stop quickly if the supply
Elements, corrode when in proximity with liquid; water and oxygen, these compounds and elements are mandatory for corrosion to occur. Corrosion is a result from oxidation; when an element corresponds with oxygen. For example when the element;...
Oxygen saturation is a term referring to the concentration of oxygen in the blood. Hypoxemia describes a lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood. In order to function properly, the body needs to be above a certain level of oxygen circulating in the blood to perfuse the cells and tissues. When the oxygen level falls below this threshold, hypoxemia occurs. This may cause certain signs and symptoms to occur. Having short term low oxygen saturation can cause shortness of breath, which is generally one of the first symptoms. Anxiety, restlessness, fatigue and headaches are also common symptoms of short term hypoxemia. In an effort to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood, the respiration rate may increase to more than 24 breaths per minute. Heart rate is also frequently elevated to above 100 beats per minute to help circulate oxygen to meet tissue demands. Low oxygen saturation can also cause level of orientation problems such as confusion and short term memory loss. If hypoxemia becomes severe, brain function may become impaired, creating symptoms such as decreased attention span. Breathing may become irregular, with cycles of deep and shallow breathing. Endurance for physical activity decreases, and motor function, particularly for fine movements, can also become impaired. Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, becomes visible. As hypoxemia worsens, bradycardia and hypotension may occur. Ultimately, coma and death can result from severe, untreated hypoxemia. For long term low oxygen saturation conditions, which can last for several days or even longer, signs and symptoms will vary depending on the severity and duration. Fatigue, lethargy and irritability are common symptoms, as is impaired judg...
The main components needed for these reactions are obtained from various sources. CO₂ is the main source for the carbon required. The electrons needed as a source of energy for the reaction is obtained from photolysis, the splitting of water molecules by sunlight. Other products of photolysis include protons (H+) which will later be used to build the organic molecules and oxygen. The oxygen produced at this stage is then released into the atmosphere as a waste product, which humans and animals use in respiration. On the other hand, anoxic photosynthesis also occur but mainly in dead zone areas such as the bottom of the sea where ther...
This equation also shows fermentation process, which proves an anaerobic respiration, which means that oxygen is absent from the process. Anaerobic respiration takes place in organisms and releases a small amount of energy very quickly. In most organisms, it consists of a chain of chemical reactions called glycolysis, which break down glucose into pyrutic acid.
Oxygen in the atmosphere keeps it at a stable pressure. It also can react with itself to create ozone, keeping UV-A and B rays from burning our skin. It also, in the atmosphere, reacts with other elements to oxidize and keep ratios of elements the same in the atmosphere. Also, oxygen destroys methane, which is one of the most powerful greenhouse gases. Oxygen in the atmosphere also promotes growth of all animals or keeps them small, so we don't have huge cockroaches and spider-like insects like the when the dinosaurs existed.
For the previous 200 years, the industrial revolution’s discovery of fossil fuels reigned supreme. (Benefits of Recycling, History of Alternative Energy) Newly developed factories continued their steady streams of production and our society started becoming larger consumers. To meet the increasing demand, more product had to be made, and this resulted in more waste being emitted into the atmosphere. These gases built up until they caused the ozone layer to thicken to the point where it started trapping the h...
When gasoline burns in the engine of a car, an equal amount of work and heat appears as the energy is released. The heat from the engine warms its surroundings, the car parts, the air, and the passenger area. The heat energy is converted into the electrical energy of the radio, chemical energy of the battery, and radiant energy of the lights. The change in the sum of all of the energies formed from the burnt gasoline is equal to the “.change in energy between the reactants and products.” Biological processes, like photosynthesis, also follow energy conservation.