The Oesophagus The oesophagus (gullet) is the tube through which food and drink pass
from the back of the throat to the stomach. It lies in the back of the
chest just in front of the spine. The outer muscular layers of the
oesophagus move fluid or food towards the stomach. At the lower end
there is a muscular valve which prevents stomach acid from entering
the gullet from below.
The cancer arises from the lining of the gullet and the effect is to
narrow the oesophagus and cause difficulty in swallowing. First solid
food tends to lodge or stick and then liquids. The cancerous cells may
also spread outside the gullet to involve the neighbouring structures,
such as lymph nodes and blood vessels in the chest, and they may be
carried in the blood stream to form secondary tumours in the liver or
elsewhere.
Most cancers in the upper two-thirds of the gullet are known as
squamous carcinomas from the squamous (skin-like) cells which line the
oesophagus.
Those occurring near the join with the stomach, are usually
adenocarcinomas, derived from stomach-like cells. This is particularly
the case when stomach-type (columnar) cells have replaced squamous
cells at the lower end of the gullet, a condition known as Barrett’s
Oesophagus.
What causes cancer of the oesophagus?
This cancer is particularly common in some parts of Africa and China
and is probably related to local diet or the way food is cooked. In
the West, important risk factors are cigarette smoking and alcohol
consumption. A combination of the two appears to increase the risk.
head, to the right shoulder, all the way down to the right part of the
From medial to lateral to the lumen, there is the mucosa, then the submucosa, and finally the serosa ("SIU SOM Histology
•The forty five year old patient is diagnosed with the progressive cirrhosis inflaming the liver along with the parenchymal cells. The plain symptoms is manifested primarily because of the augmentation of edema internally in the lower abdomen.
The digestive system, in organisms like the mink and human, is supposed to break down the food being eaten to transfer into energy. This energy helps other functions of the body that would in turn keep it alive. The digestive system includes organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, etc. Digestion starts at the mouth, though.
Esophagus: Esophagus is a long straight tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Once the food has been reduced to a soft mush, the tongue pushes it to the throat which leads to a long straight tube called esophagus. The esophagus squeezes the mass of food with rhythmic muscle contraction called peristalsis which then forces the food to the stomach.
is, then it is brought back to the heart by the four pulmonary veins, which
Digestion is defined as the process of transforming foods into unites for absorption. The Digestive System is a complex network of organisms that have six major processes: The digestion of food, the secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes, the mixing and movement of food and waste throughout the body, the digestion of food into smaller pieces, the absorption of nutrients, and the excretion of wastes (Inner Body (1).)
Try to imagine yourself, sitting at lunch, enjoying your sandwich and a few strawberries along the way. Once you are done your delicious meal, you take one last drink of orange juice and head to your next class. In a few minutes you are thinking about your upcoming visit to the mall. You've completely forgotten about that sandwich you had just ate. But it is still sitting in your stomach!! Now how does this work, how did your body absorb all that food? It all goes back to the digestive system.
The Respiratory System 1. Define respiration. Respiration is the process of converting glucose to energy, which goes to every cell in the body. 2. Describe the organs of external respiration.
Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that can cause discomfort when food gets stuck in the throat. It can be caused by a variety of medical conditions, such as: nervous system disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, prematurity, heart disease, cleft lip or palate, and head and neck abnormalities. A patient with dysphagia can be cared for by a family physician in a hospital, or a nursing home with the assistance of a speech-language pathologist (SLP), physician, nutritionist, etc. as long as he or she has been properly diagnosed. The prevalence increases with age and poses problems in older patients. Typically, the average age of onset is around 55 year olds, but dysphagia can occur in children as well.
The pancreas is located in the middle of the abdomen. It’s surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver and spleen. It’s about six inches long and shaped like a thin pear, wide at one end. It has three sections: wider right end is the head, the middle is the body and the left end is the tail.
The human digestive system is a bodily process made up of many systems, organs and substances that break down food both physically and chemically for use by the body. But what exactly is human digestion and what happens to food as it moves through the digestive system? “…[digestion] is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body” (Tim Taylor). There are three major bodily mechanisms that contribute to the process of digestion. The first mechanism is the breakdown of food, the second mechanism is the process of extracting nutrients from food, and the third mechanism is excretion, or the body’s natural waste system. Each mechanism uses specific bodily organs and chemical compounds to assist in the digestion process. Organs such as the mouth, tongue, throat, liver, esophagus, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines, rectum and anus are all key to the digestive process. These organs and mechanisms come together to convert the food humans eat into energy and nutrients that the body uses to sustain life, and to get rid of unnecessary waste that could be harmful to the body. Although the removal of waste from the human body can be an awkward subject to discuss it is an important part of the digestive system because if left in the body this waste would eventually poison us. The digestive system is interesting, complex and truly important to our daily lives. Without the digestive system energy and nutrients vital to the body could never reach body cells and a person wouldn't be able to do all the things they like to do, such as study, play sports, and hang out with friends.
The Spleen by Anne Finch, the Countess of Winchelsea, presents an interesting poetic illustration of depression in the spleen. The spleen for Finch is an enigma, it is mysterious, shape-shifting, and melancholic. Melancholy leads the subject to flashes of a grander, terrifying emotion: the sublime. The subject of Finch’s Pindaric ode experiences the sublime, and yet has the uncanny ability to reflect and reason on the feeling with acuity--even though the subject suffers from depression, which in effect dulls sensory information. The fact that she intensely perceives the sublime suggests a paradox where dulled senses can produce a penetrative emotional episode. To understand the paradox, the theory of the sublime and Finch’s engagement with the sublime in The Spleen must be traced to conceive the state of the dulled mind in the thrall of an infinite, and transcendent wave of emotion. The focus of this essay is that Finch understands that Dullness, as a by-product of depression, enables rational thought during a sublime experience. Furthermore, she thus illustrates her experience through images where she emphasizes her sensory information and her feelings, which were supposedly numbed by depression. Her feelings, indicated in The Spleen, are the crux to how Finch is able to simultaneously feel numb, and process the sublime.
Hi there. My name is Albert and this is my adventurous story of my journey through a human. I was a delicious gourmet hamburger with fresh ingredients like salad, mustard and an angus beef pattie. I was dumped into a family feed box labelled with a massive golden arched ‘M’. Now, I’m quite an intelligent burger, unlike my other food companions and I love studying about the fascinating human digestive system when I went to Burgerton College. I’m here to tell you first-hand about my digestive journey into the human body! Here is a map of the human digestive system for your convenience to pinpoint where I am in my journey as I am recounting my story.
The digestive system is a very important system in the human body. It is a group of organs that work together to turn food into energy and nutrients in the entire body. The food that was chewed in a humans’ mouth now passes through a long tube that is inside of the body that is known as the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is made of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. Those few things are not the only important accessories of the digestive system there is also the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.