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Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
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The most intriguing article within the stimulating documents was William Stearns Davis’ “The Life of a Peasant” (Davis, 1922). Which offers an unaltered view of the lives of peasants in the middle ages. In his article, Davis introduces the idea of deadly bacteria through a description of the Black Plague, a disease caused by the bacterium named Yersinia Pestis. The Black Plague devastated the kingdoms of the middle ages. Yersinia Pestis was able to do this as at the time of its major outbreak, poor hygiene was commonplace, and antibiotics were non-existent. The question that stood out from the article was “To what extent, would it be possible for superbugs to create an environment today absent of effective antibiotics?”
Superbugs, bacteria
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Simple infections are no longer death sentences, however, immunities to these antibiotics are appearing. The use of antibiotics save lives by crippling the ability of bacteria to damage the human body, and antibodies act as a sidekick to the immune system when fighting off life-threatening illnesses. In “The Life of a Peasant”, William Stearns Davis (1922) focuses on what life would be like for the lowest tier of people in a feudalistic state, and he concluded that often in a world without antibiotics, people lose their lives to easily preventable medical conditions, regardless of whether they are a king or a peasant. Antibiotics are used to fight infections that could otherwise prove deadly. In a time before antibiotics, life was much more difficult for all involved. Before antibiotics were used, many died of simple cuts or scratches that later got infected. If action is not taken, superbugs could grow immune to all of the antibiotics we possess. Superbugs are becoming immune to the ways we fight them, which forecasts a world without the ability to fight these superbugs. In the article “Superbugs Causing Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital and the Return of Pre-Antibiotic Era!” Kalyan Rajkumar (2016), associate professor of microbiology at King George 's Medical University, as well as his research team, discusses the prevalence of a strain of E. coli that is mostly immune to the majority of current …show more content…
Antibiotics are often used more and more often indiscriminately, as patients believe that they are capable of prescribing antibiotics to themselves without actual medical need. In the journal article entitled “The Responses of Medical General Practitioners to Unreasonable Patient Demand for Antibiotics - A Study of Medical Ethics Using Immersive Virtual Reality”, Xueni Pan (2016), a member of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of London and leader of this study, found that patients were more often requesting antibiotics for even minor conditions, and doctors were feeling more obliged to prescribe these antibiotics to avoid losing their patients. The practice of overprescribing antibiotics makes us healthier only in the short term, as this strategy heavily invests in the present well-being over the future, which could possibly create problems. In the article “The Spread of Superbugs,” Nicholas D. Kristof (2010) writes about the effects of the infection of Thomas M. Dukes, who was infected with E. Coli that was nearly untreatable. This article points out the individual effects that superbugs can carry, and how finding ways to fight superbugs is an issue that needs to be addressed in the near future. Education could easily help the populace in identifying the existence of superbugs
During the fourteenth century, bacteria and viruses were mostly unknown to doctors, which meant they were most certainly unheard of for the majority of the population. Now, it is widely believed that it was caused by bacterial strains. Back then, however, people had to produce their own reasons for the Plague. In Europe, the causes of the Black Death were said to be miasma (impure air) carried by the warm southern winds. The event of March 20, 1345, the conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, and excessively atrocious clothing were thought to add to the ubiquitous disease. In contrast, the people near the East believed that the said disease was supposedly caused by miasma as well, but due to wind carrying the vile odor of Mongol bodies...
Kira L. S. Newman, “Shutt Up: Bubonic Plague and Quarantine in Early Modern England,” Journal of Social History, 3, (2012): 809-834
It cannot be argued that the Black Plague was detrimental to every aspect of Europe’s communities. It was a powerful epidemic that wiped out a third of the continent’s population. Out of the midst of all its terror, however, positive after effects presented themselves. Some of these effects included revolutions in the church and society, eventually leading to the separation of church and state. Feudalism was also challenged as peasants demanded wages and revolted. Along with social changes came technological innovations, new inventions, and an attention to hygiene and the beginning of modern medicine. The plague may have devastated Europe, but it also gave way to a new era.
The Web. The Web. 24 Mar. 2011. The. http://liboc.tctc.edu:2058/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420001374&v=2.1&u=tricotec_main&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w> The "Plague".
The Bubonic Plague, or more commonly known as ‘The Black Death’ or ‘The Black Plague,’ was one of the most devastating and deadliest pandemics that humans have ever witnessed in the history of mankind. The disease spanned two continents in just a few years, marking every country between Western Europe all the way to China. During the reign of the plague, which is estimated to be the years between 1347-1352, it is estimated that “20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population” was killed off due to the plague. The Black Plague would change the course of European history since the plague knew no boundaries and inflicted its wrath upon the rich and the poor alike. As a result, not only did the plague have a devastating demographic impact which encountered a massive social disruption, but also, an economic and religious impact as well.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, disaster struck Europe. A ravaging pestilence spread at an alarming rate through city and countryside alike. Beginning as a tiny spark in Genoa, the wildfire that was the Black Death enveloped nearly all of Europe, from Italy to Britain, in a span of about three years (C. Kohn, 25). Up to 38 million lives were claimed in less than a decade, distinguishing the Black Death one of the worst pandemics in human history (C. Kohn, 25). The disease behind this catastrophe has seldom been rivaled by another. But what was this disease? Many scientists and historical scholars believe this disaster to be the work of the bubonic plague, a deadly infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis or Y. pestis (Nardo, 13). However, evidence has surfaced in the past fifty years to suggest that the Black Death was not, or at least not only, the bubonic plague. In truth, this epidemic was not the bubonic plague or any other single disease; it was two or more illnesses working in tandem.
Basically what I have tried to say in the previous two chapters is that there was no medicinal cure for the plague in medieval times. If they had antibiotics, however, there would have been very few fatalities.
Antibiotics, many would say, are a miracle drug, helping people to extend their life spans by altering the result of the bacterial infection. In the 1920s’ researchers speculated that the average population life span ages to be only 56 years old, now this number has increased significantly to 82 years’ old. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a huge problem because it is becoming more and more “smart” resulting in the bacteria to become used to the medication.
"If something has a benefit, and no harms, then you should likely use it. But if something has no benefits and potentially real harms, then you shouldn’t. The latter is the case with antibacterial products". (Carroll par. 1) The users of antibacterial products do not realize the harms of such, harms which overpower the benefits. When the first antibacterial product, Penicillin, was invented in 1928 it was called a miracle. (Online Textbook of Bacteriology pgs. 1-4) Deaths and illness were exponentially reduced, and penicillin saved countless lives during World War 2. By the 70s there were many types of antibiotics, thus we thought we had “won the war against bacteria”. We had cured major bacteria like Tuberculosis, Salmonella, and Pneumonia. However, antibiotics were intended to be used sparingly to preserve their effectiveness, but we now use antibiotics for almost every occasion. (Eyes of Nye; Meat without Drugs) Problems have developed since the 70s, and will continue to grow if we do not stop them now. However, some oppose this notion and want to continue using antibacterial products on a huge scale. We must realize that anti-bacterial products are damaging the environment, ourselves, and antibiotic effectiveness. We are spreading harmful chemicals, creating superbugs, and are weakening our medicine. If we ignore this there might not be a positive outcome for this situation.
In 2013 Dr. Tom Frieden, the Director of Centers for Disease Control, stated the following: “antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats” (Centers for Disease Control, 2013). Antimicrobials are used to treat almost all non-chronic illnesses; illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These illnesses are often communicable and can cause death if not treated. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, there are sweeping effects. More antibiotics have to be prescribed, which increases the cost of medication, lengthens hospital stays, and chance of death of the patient become higher. Action needs to be taken before as bacteria are become resistant to all major antibiotics. At least two and a half million people are infected with a antibiotic resistant bacteria every year in the U.S alone; at least 23 thousand people die as a result of the infections. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue, and action must be taken in many areas to address the problem and see positive results. Laws, regulations, enforcements, and economic environments must be created to promote rational use of antibiotics.
Can one imagine the world without antibiotics? It is probably a matter of concern on how we can utilize them to give optimal results and achieve its functionality. With the advent generation, the antibiotics face a huge setback. The resistance of antibiotics is not a fact that comes out of manufacture but rather how we use them. The issue of misuse needs more attention than any other moment in the history. People become more ignorant on the facts of antibiotic usage as the time progresses. The emanating treat of going back to the antibacterial era will come to reality if the trend continues.
As we research deeper into the subject of antibiotic resistance we find there are a lot of interesting facts. First many bacterial infections and infectious diseases including HIV, gonorrhea, tuberculosis and many more are starting to become increasing difficult to treat using traditional antibiotics. About 90,000 patients die each year from their infections which has increased from 13, 300 deaths in 1992. People infected with resistant organisms have an increased likelihood of needing to go to the hospital and those who do will need to stay longer and might even require a more in-depth treatment. Antibiotic resistance is currently happening all over the world which causes new resistance mechanisms to form and spread everywhere. A high percentage of infections caught from hospitals are highly resistant infections are highly resistant infections. (1,
Medical advancements have played a huge part in human history. Since 1877 the knowledge of antibiotics has expanded greatly. Antibiotics are constantly needed and new developments are crucial to human society. This topic should be known by all humans because antibiotics can be the difference of life and death. This industry and it’s success alters the health of many humans. Things like polio, chicken pox and measles are no longer taking lives. As new sicknesses form we need new antibiotics to counteract the new sicknesses. If we allow the demise of this industry, we will allow the demise of human health. Antibiotics began in the laboratory through scientist’s discoveries. Then many strides and improvements during the mid 1900’s caused a change within the production. “These improvements came in the early 1940s when Howard Florey and associates discovered a new strain of Penicillium, which produced high yields of penicillin. This allowed large-scale production of penicillin, which helped launch the modern antibiotics industry.” (Romanowski ) The modern antibiotics industry as we know it is much different than it began. The first company to produce antibiotics as we know it today, was Pfizer. Their success really began when they mass produced citric acid through fermentation. Then, in 1941,
In addition, doctors are often pressured to move through patients quickly and sometimes, they give inadequate diagnostics by prescribing the wrong antibiotic. As a result, there is an increased number of resistant strains and bacterial resistance has grown more prevalent (Author Unknown, 2011). There have been several related studies, some of which study the threats of antimicrobial resistance to the public health (Wise, 1998). Other studies investigate the effects of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and the intensive care unit (Kollef, 2001). Although many methods have been devised and tried, experts still have difficulty coming to a conclusion about how to successfully reduce antibiotic resistance. This is because antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that occurs because of natural