The Levels of Processing Theory by Fergus M Craik

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Recommended: Outline and evaluate the claim that there are three different types of memory

Memory can be defined as the mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organising, altering and retrieving information (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Many a time one is able to remember something, example how to drive a car, yet they are unable to remember a mathematical formula for an examination. People vary in their ability to remember certain things, and research conducted has proven that even infants differ in their memory abilities (Fagan & Singer, 1963). It was discovered by psychologists that memory is not static, but rather it is influenced by ones internal factors and situational happenings to a large effect (Huffman, Vernoy & Vernoy, 1997). This essay will attempt to discover which method of study is most suitable, by listing and explaining various memory strategies, as well as indicating how each method will improve memory efficiency. The process of memory is made up of three operations. The first being Encoding, this is the conversion of information into a form which enables it to be retained in memory (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). The second operation is called Storage, this is the keeping of information until it is later needed. The third and final operation is known as Retrieval, and this is the recovering of information from Storage (Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus & Wagenaar, 2009). These formerly mentioned operations each represent a stage in the process of memory (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012).

There are different levels of information processing, this is called the levels of processing theory (Goldstein, 2008). This theory was proposed by Fergus M Craik, a senior research scientist at the Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest and Robert S. Lockhart, a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of To...

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...ence. (3rd edition.). Belmont, CA: Thomas Wadsworth

Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., Vernoy, J. (1997), 'Psychology in Action'. (4th edition.). USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Krech,D., Crutchfield, S. R., Livson, N., Wilson, W.S., Parducci, A. (1982). 'Elements of Psychology'. (4th edition). USA, NY: Knopf Inc.

M.E. Sharpe. (2008). Retrieved on 24 April 2014. http://mesharpe.metapress.com/app/home/contribution. asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,6,8;journal,28,243;linkingpublicationresults,1:110912,1

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Frederickson, B.L., Loftus, G.R. & Wagenaar, W.A. (2009). 'Introduction to Psychology'. (15th edition). China: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. (pp. 7-19).

Reed, S.K (2013). 'Cognition: Theories and Application'. (9th edition.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2012). 'Cognition'. (6th edition.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

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