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The 1987 ruling of the Supreme Court in California v Cabazon Band of Mission Indians stated that tribes could operate facilities without any state regulation, as they were sovereign political entities. No federal laws regarding gaming existed at this time. Shortly after the Cabazon ruling, profitable gaming, including high stakes bingo began to be offered by various tribes across the country. The states, unable to regulate Indian gaming, began lobbying the federal government to grant them the ability to do so. In 1988 the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) was passed into law. In essence, different types of gaming fall into different categories, and casino-style gaming falls into Class III. Tribes have the authority to regulate Class I and Class II games, but tribal authority to offer Class III gaming is restricted and requires, among other things, a tribal-state compact to be negotiated. In an effort to provide jobs and reverse the poverty that had long plagued the Coeur d’Alene people, in 1989 tribal member David Matheson started conducting market analyses and feasibility studies for a casino to be built on the reservation. The plan, with approval of the state, was to build a 100,000 square-foot casino and offer both bingo and casino-style gaming. In April of 1992, per IGRA, the Coeur d’Alene tribe started negotiations with the State of Idaho for a Class III compact. Two other Idaho tribes, during the months of June and July, also applied for Class III gaming compacts. At this point in time, Idaho did not specifically prohibit any form of casino-style gaming. In the summer of 1992, Governor Andrus called a special legislative session in an apparent attempt to block casino-style gaming on the Indian reservations of Id... ... middle of paper ... ... Berg Integrated Systems, which was recently awarded a U.S. government contract for military fuel bladders. The tribe has built a wellness center, a tribal school, and the Benewah Medical Center, all of which are open to non-tribal individuals. Local schools, both tribal and non-tribal, have benefitted greatly from the Coeur d’Alene Casino’s success. More than $14 million has been donated towards education since the casino opened in 1993. Nearing the end of its seventh transformation, the Coeur d’Alene Casino Resort will boast the addition of 100 luxury hotel rooms, a 15,000 square-foot deluxe spa and pool, a pub, gourmet steakhouse, and an outdoor amphitheater. In this flagging economy, the casino has just hired another 200 people, bring the total number of employees to over 1,100; more than enough to fill the chairs in the original bingo hall to capacity.
It had previously been the policy of the American government to remove and relocate Indians further and further west as the American population grew, but there was only so much...
The Board of Indian Commissioners was a committee that advised the United States federal government on Native American policy. The committee also had the purpose to inspect the supplies that were delivered to Indian reservations to ensure that the government fulfilled the treat obligations to tribes. The committee was established by congress on April 10th, 1869, and authorized the President of the United States to organize a board of ten or less people to oversee all aspect of Native American policy. President Ulysses S. Grant wanted to come up with a new policy, which would be more humane, with Native American tribes. The policy would be known as the Peace Policy, which aimed to be free of political corruption. This policy was prominent on
In regard to law, Deloria defines the relationship between the US Government and the Indians as paternalistic. The US Government treated and governed the Indians as a father would by providing basic needs but without given them rights. There has been some improvement with the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. This act allowed the return to local self-government on a tribal level and restored the self management of their assets. By allowing the Indians to self govern it encouraged an economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. Unfortunately only a few tribes have fully taken advantage of this act, while others continue to struggle for survival.
Deloria defines the relationship between the US Government and the Indians as paternalistic. The US Government treated and governed the Indians as a father would by providing basic needs but without given them rights. There has been some improvement with the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. This act allowed the return to local self-government on a tribal level and restored the self management of their assets. By allowing the Indians to self govern it encouraged an economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. Unfortunately only a few tribes have fully taken advantage of this Act, while others struggle for survival.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 called for two reservations to be set aside in Indian Territoryone for the Comanche and Kiowa and another for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. According to the treaty, the government would provide the tribes with a variety of basic services and training, housing, food and supplies, including guns and ammunition for hunting. The goods would be allotted to the tribes each year for a thirty-year period and the Indian tribes would be allowed to continue to "hunt on any lands south of the Arkansas River so long as the buffalo may range thereon." In exchange, the Indians agreed to stop their attacks and raids. Ten chiefs endorsed the treaty and many tribal members moved voluntarily to the reservations.
Orsi, Richard J., and John F. Burns. Taming The Elephant: Politics, Government, And Law In Pioneer California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. eBook (EBSCOhost). Web. 26 Mar. 2014.
4. The California Act for the Government and Protection of Indians – Describe in detail this former California law, its provisions and impacts on California Indians
Foxwoods resort casino, the largest of its kind in North America and most profitable casino in the world, got its start with the advent of a bingo hall in 1987. At this time the Mashantucket Pequots secured a $4 million loan from the Arab American Bank. The bingo hall netted $13 million in gross sales and yielded $2.6 million in profits in its first year of operation. Today, the Pequots are one of the most respected Indian Nations in Native America because of the way they have used the success of Foxwoods Resort Casino to reconstruct their infrastructure and tribal homeland.
Today there is about 300 Indian reservations, all still occupied by Indian tribes. Some reservations have greatly increased their economic wealth with the use of casinos. Gambling is a big part of many traditional Indian cultures. The traditional games included dice, archery competitions, and foot races. The use of gaming to generate profit did not begin until the late 1970s and early 1980s when the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed. Before this act, there was no federal gaming structure.
Indian policy gradually shifted from this aggressive mindset to a more peaceable and soft line policy. The Indian Wars ended in 1980 with the Battle of Wounded Knee. The battle resulted in over 200 deaths, but also, almost officially, marked a change in Indian policy. Although the change had subtly began before then, policies then became more kind. The Peace Commission created the reservation policy, although this was created 27 years before the Battle at Wounded Knee. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was the greatest of reform efforts. The Act provided the granting of landholding to individual Native Americans, replacing communal tribal holdings. Another policy, the Burke Act of 1906, allowed Indians to become citizens if they left their tribes. Citizenship was eventually granted to all Native Americans in the 1920s.
...n Affairs: Laws and Treaties Vol. 2 ." Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties Vol. 2. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/six0023.htm (accessed March 1, 2014).
Stark, H. K., & Wilkins, D. E. (2011). American Indian Politics and the American Political System. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
The Indian Act is a combination of multiple legislations regarding the Aboriginal people who reside across Canada, such as the Gradual Civilization Act of 1857 and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 (Hanson, n.p.). The Gradual Civilization Act was the Canadian government's attempt to assimilate the aboriginals into the Canadian society in a passive manner, through a method they encouraged called Enfranchisement. Enfranchisement is basically a legal process that allows aboriginals to give up their aboriginal status and accept a Canadian status (Crey, n.p.). This process, while under the Gradual Civilization Act, was still voluntary, but became a forced process when the Indian Act was consolidated in 1876 (Hanson, n.p.). The Gradual Enfranchisement Act introduced in 1869 was a major legislation that intruded with the private lives of the aboriginals. First, it established the “elective band council system” (Hanson, n.p.) that grants th...
The Native American Reservation system was a complete failure. This paper focuses on the topics of relocation, Native American boarding schools, current conditions on today’s reservations, and what effects these have had on the Native American way of life.
Because the AIRFA lacks direct implementation, it often requires federal agencies to review their rules and regulations to accommodate the practice of Native religions. In the 1988 Lyng vs. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, the people of the Yurok, Karok, and Tolowa tribes challenged the U.S. Forest Service regarding the construction of a logging road through sacred land. The Supreme Court allowed the project to go on, viewing the land as dispensable to Native religious life (Deloria, 1992). The verdict was determined regardless of the Native testimony stating that the area “is not even a part of this world that we live in here. That place up there, the high country, belongs to the spirit and it exists in another world apart from us” (Deloria, 1992). This court case is just one of the numerous cases regarding Native sacred land claims.