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The impact of heredity and environment
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What do Michael Phelps, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Queen of Scots, & Tutankhamen all have in common? Although these may seem like completely unrelated names, these are all people suspected of having Marfan’s Syndrome, a genetic mutation obtained through heredity. How does DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and its complex (structure) relate to inheritance of traits in organisms—especially in humans? DNA is inherited from ones biological parents, and is the basis of heredity. It contains the code for all of our attributes, including how they will form. DNA is composed of four different chemicals, otherwise knows as nucleotide bases—A, T, C, & G. DNA is found in chromosomes—and each offspring receives one chromosome from their mother and father (each). In DNA, there are genes— specific sequences that carry hereditary information and control he expression of this hereditary traits. Heredity is the expression of characteristics obtained form ancestor to descendant through the transmission of genes. Inconsistencies can occur in these genes, however. Environmental & hereditary agents cause changes in ...
...hich inherited traits, such as those for genetic disease, can be tracked over generations. Throughout out the course of human development, scientists will continue to find new new ways to help the human race through the discovery of the human gene inside of each of us, its uses, as well as complications, that can help the survival of our species.
Nothing good comes from the disease Marfan syndrome. It is awful in many ways but can be dealt with. Here is an introduction to Marfan syndrome.
Waardenburg Syndrome is a group of genetic conditions that can lead to hearing loss and changes in the color of hair, skin, and eyes (Genetics 2013). Cases of Waardenburg Syndrome are not very common. There are different types of symptoms of the syndrome. Waardenburg Syndrome can be inherited either on an autosomal dominant pattern or autosomal recessive pattern (Calendar 2013). The ways of diagnosing Waardenburg Syndrome include certain tests to detect the disorder. While Waardenburg Syndrome cannot be cured, treatments can be given to lessen the effects. Like other diseases, Waardenburg Syndrome has certain symptoms, inheritance patterns, diagnosis and treatments.
I was truly ensnared by this nucleic acid and resultantly, decided to do my summative on genetics. Consequently, I began to read the book The Violinist’s Thumb by Sam Kean, a wondrous book devoted to recounting humanities story (genetically). The unique title is derived from the morbid story of Nicollo Paganini, a man so skilled at playing the violin, people were positive he struck a deal with the devil. So much so that his church refused to bury his body after his successful but traumatizing life came to an end. Anthropologists believe his success was predetermined in his DNA, as he had a genetic disorder which made the connective tissue in his hands intensely rubbery. In being so, he was able to stretch his fingers at grotesque angles and dominate the violin. Of course, this genetic blessing came at a price: disease. Paganini suffered many diseases one of which caused his left testicle to swell to the size of “a small pumpkin” he sobbed. While researching genetics I was taken aback by the sheer grandeur of this field. There’s no bolder topic in science, no field that holds such potential or promise to push our race forward to the same
“Dystrophy,” originally coming from the Greek “dys,” which means “difficult” or “faulty, and “trophe,” meaning “nourishment” holds the interpretation “poor nutrition.” Today we know poor nutrition is not the cause of Muscular Dystrophy (“Myotonic Dystrophy”). Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disorder that affects between 500-600 newborns each year in the US (Statistics on Muscular Dystrophy). In general, this disorder weakens your skeletal muscles, and eventually they degenerate. Muscular Dystrophy also has several specific types within the disorder, such as: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, and Myotonic Dystrophy. Each one has their own specific characteristics.
Marfan syndrome is a primarily an autosomal dominant disorder that affects 1 in 5000 people worldwide. Marfan syndrome is connective tissue disorder that results in a mutation in the Fibrillin 1 gene. The life expectancy of an individual with Marfan syndrome is close to normal with early detection, but Marfan syndrome still remains underestimated due in large part to characteristics similarities that are common in general public. This is compounded by the 25 percent of individuals with a new gene mutation on Fibrillin 1. It is imperative that nurses have a greater understanding of Marfan syndrome in order to facilitate a genetic referral for an early and accurate Marfan syndrome diagnosis. This should include the mechanism of how this genetic mutation manifests thought out the body, the presenting symptoms, the risk factors, treatment, and education needs of the patient.
A disease that results from a change to an individual's DNA is classified as a genetic disorder. The change can be very small such as a single mutation in a particular gene or complex like the addition or removal of a complete chromosome. An instance of a genetic disorder that affects a particular gene is Marfan syndrome. Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder which alters the connective tissue in the body (Frey R, Sims J, 2010). Individuals with this disorder are affected in multiple areas because connective tissue is present all through the body. It is common for affected individuals to show irregularities in their eyes, circulatory system, skin, lungs, and musculoskeletal system (Frey R, Lutwick L, 2009).
In today’s modern age science is moving at a rapid pace; one of those scientific fields that has taken the largest leaps is that of genetics. When genetics first comes to mind, many of us think of it as a type of science fiction, or a mystical dream. Yet genetics is here, it is real, and has numerous ethical implications.
We may resemble our parents, but we are never exactly like them, this because of inheritance. The genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring. This is because each child gets only some of the DNA each parent carries. About half of our DNA comes from our mother and the other half comes from our father, the parts we get though are basically random. Identical twins are the only people that have identical DNA. DNA appears like a twisted ladder called a double helix (double spiral). A double helix is made up of multiple nucleotides which are made up of a phosphate, sugar and base. A nucleotide is a molecule that forms the structure of DNA. A gene is a section of DNA which has a code for a particular characteristic, this code is made up of bases and complimentary pairs. There are 4 different bases that make up a gene, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. The 4 bases are separated into 2 pairs. Adenine and Thymine are a pair and Cytosine and Guanine are a pair. It is in these pairs that information/ traits are stored. Many scientists have contributed to the discovery of DNA such as Gregor Mendel, Frederick Griffiths, Oswald Avery, James Watson and Francis Crick.
1. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
A predicament has occurred, in which you speak in the defense of a young female, considered to be guilty on the basis of hair color. Knowledge of the structure of DNA and its role in heredity, how DNA and RNA work together to produce proteins, and how brown hair can result from various gene combinations , will all be an important asset in determining if the young lady is guilty or not.
Along with genetic mutations, there is also genetic diseases. Genetic diseases are an abnormality in the DNA. One of the most known and common genetic disease is “Chromosome 21” or formally known as Down syndrome. It is where a child is born with three sets of the Chromosome 21 instead of being born with only two. How it happens is when a part of a chromosome 21 becomes attached to another one during the stage of reproduction. You are able to tell if a person has Down syndrome or not. Most of the physical features are obvious. By looking at a person’s face you are able to tell, because
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
A genetic mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of the DNA that makes up a gene. A mutation of these sorts can be caused by either inheritance from the parent or caused sometime during the life of someone. The mutation that has been inherited is called a germline mutation. Germline mutations affect virtually the entire body, and they seem to be present in every cell. A somatic mutation, or one that is caused in the DNA of a single cell sometime during the life, can be caused by an environmental factor or a wrong bonding in the DNA molecule. These cannot be passed down to the next generation of children because they occur in a specific cell as opposed to in a reproductive cell. Some mutations occur in the embryo as it is growing. These may occur during cell division, and some of the cells may or may not inherit this mutation. Some mutations are extremely rare, and others are incredibly common. Those that occur in more than one percent across a population are considered polymorphisms. Polymorphisms are considered normal variations in DNA, and they are known to cause simple changes such as variations in blood types and hair color. Although these are not typically fatal, they can influence the creation of some disorders (Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA.gov, 2013).
What is DNA? DNA is deoxriybonucleic acid which is a molecule that is in a double-helix structure described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. DNA contains our genetic code which is composed of triphosphate molecules, which are also known as the ‘building blocks’ of DNA. There are four bases included in the DNA molecule they are called the four nitrogenous bases. The bases are Thymine, adenine, guanine (purines), thymine and cytosine (pyrimidines) (http://forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/dna.shtml). This shows that DNA isn’t so easy to understand, there is certain bases to make up the DNA molecule. This is important because it helps compose the pieces to DNA and helps find traces to the victim. “The more useful sources include blood, semen, vaginal fluid, nasal secretions and hair with roots” (http://forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/dna.shtml). This quote is important because it singles out the most occurrence of DNA. In order for DNA testing to take place scientists will have t...