Vaginal Cancer is more likely to affect women who are 60 and older. Women can get diagnosed with vaginal cancer by the doctors looking at their medical history, getting a physical exam, pelvic exam, Colposcopy, Biopsy, and a Pap test. There are 4 stages of vaginal cancer. Stage 1 of vaginal cancer is when the cancer cells have entered the deep tissue layers of the vagina. Stage 2 is when the cancer cells have reached the connective tissue surrounding the vagina. In stage 3 is where the cancer has spread beyond the vagina to the walls of the pelvis to nearby lymph nodes, but they have not yet spread to the organs close to the vagina. And finally, stage 4 is separated into two parts, stage 4A and stage 4B. Stage 4A is where the disease has spread
beyond the vagina to nearby organs such as the bladder or rectum and have reached nearby lymph nodes. Stage 4B is where the cancer has just reached distant organs, such as bones and lungs. The symptoms of vaginal cancer that happen throughout the stages. The symptoms of vaginal cancer include bleeding in the vagina (after intercourse or after menopause), watery vaginal discharge, a lump or mass in the vagina, painful urination, frequent urination, constipation, having pain and swelling in the legs, and pelvic pain. The risk factors for women who get vaginal cancer are common ones. The Risk factors are being 60 an over, being exposed to DES, having a history of cervical cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, smoking, drinking alcohol, weakened immune system, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and vaginal irritation
The underlying purpose of the experiments performed in the study, Promoter Hypermethylation of KLF4 Inactivates its Tumor Suppressor Function in Cervical Carcinogenesis, is to investigate the mechanism by which the KLF4 gene is silenced in cervical carcinomas. Cervical cancer accounts for 250,000 female deaths every year. Developing therapies for cervical cancer has been limited due to the lack of genetic and epigenetic data of the mechanism causing the cancer. The KLF4 gene is a transcriptional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. It functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, but is found to be inactivated in cervical cancer. The overexpression of KLF4 protein is known to inhibit cervical cancer cell growth and tumor formation by activating a cell cycle suppressor. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation can result in transcriptional silencing of many tumor suppressing genes. Two CpG regions, BSQ1 and BSQ3, were examined in this experiment.
Many people do not develop any symptoms or any health problems at the beginning, in most cases the body’s immune system gets rid of the virus in two years. Although there is no way to know who will develop health problems. Some cases will develop genital warts in both males and females, the warts can also appear in the mouth, throat, anus, fingers, nails and cervix. Other types of HPV may cause the cells in the body to turn abnormal, which might lead to cervical cancer overtime if left untreated. The types of HPV that causes genital warts are not the same as the ones that can cause cancer. Types of HPV that can cause cancer are called High Risk HPV’s.
Cervical cancer is the second most common female cancer after breast cancer in the under 35 age group. ( Bedford 2009)
Cervical cancer is formed in the tissues of the cervix, an organ that connects the uterus and the vagina. Virtually all cervical cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (Schiffman et. al., 2007). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. According to the CDC, 75% of sexually active people aged 15-49 have the infection at some point in their lives. (CDC). Because HPV infection is usually asymptomatic, infected people do not know exactly when they get the infection. In most cases, the body is able to fight off the virus before any symptom. However, health problems such as genital warts and cancer may result with persistent exposure to HPV.
According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old (Breast Cancer, 2009).Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It changes from a normal cell to cancerous cells that require gene alterations. Therefore the altered genes and the uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors. Tumors can be benign or malignant, benign tumors are not cancerous whereas malignant are cancerous. Benign tumors will not spread, but it can damage the tissues around it. Malignant tumors invade, damage, and destroy tissues that are nearby and can spread. When cancer cells break away from a malignant tumor and enter into the bloodstream, cancer can spread throughout the body. The cancer cells from breast cancer can be found in the lymph nodes under the arm. Cancer that spreads into other parts of the body; its still has the same name as the original cancer. So basically if you are diagnosed with breast cancer and it goes into your lungs, you still have breast cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) a non-enveloped virus accounted as the most important causative agent of cervical cancer worldwide with more than 45,000 diagnosed cases annually (1). Even after establishment of encouraging vaccine platforms for it,s prevention due to shortages of this supplements the infection rate remained accelerating in developing country. Yet, more than 100 types of HPV distinguished by genetic analysis among them types 16 and 18 belonged to definite carcinogens group are responsible for more than 62% and 15% of cervical cancers respectively(2, 3). The major limitation associated with current HPV available vaccines is their useless application for therapeutic approaches indeed so developing a suitable therapeutic vaccine remained a big challenge in this era (4) .
Stage IIB can also be detected in three ways. If there is a tumor between two and five centimeters present with small groups of breast cancer cells sizes varying between .2 millimeters and 2 millimeters found in the lymph nodes. The second way that IIB can be found is if there is a tumor of those same dimensions found, but this time present with cancer cells that have spread to two to three axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone. The last way can be described as a tumor larger than five centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.
...nd can cause a variety of serious health problems if not treated. Health complications that are produced by HPV include genital warts, “cervical cancer” and other serious cancers such vulvar, vaginal, uterine, and ovarian all of which are characteristics of gynecological cancers. Starting with a young target audience will allow young women to be conscious and aware of what can lead to cancer. The saying “one thing leads to another” in this aspect is true, knowing details and what triggers cancer is what all women should to know. Based on the concept of this campaign I have a better understanding of gynecological cancer, the five main types of cancer and the risk factors. Through this campaign I am also able to deliver the message to female family members ensuring every woman in my family are aware of gynecological cancer given through the Inside Knowledge campaign.
Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree to which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows: stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
“ When cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it has the same name as the original cancer. So, if you breast cancer ends up in your lungs, it is still called breast cancer! Breast cancer usually occur in women between the ages of 35 and 65, even though fifty percent of all breast cancer are of women sixty-five and older. The chances of women getting breast cancer has risen within the last couple decades. Between 1973 and 1989, the chance of getting breast cancer rose, on average, at 1.7% per year.
The two most dangerous types of HPV do not cause warts. The Center for Disease control reported that the more deadly strands, “cause normal cells in the body to turn abnormal, and might lead to cancer over time. These HPV types can cause Cervical Cancer,” and the other types previously stated. Cervical Cancer does not have any symptoms until it reaches its more advanced stages. The CDC recommends, “It is important for women to get regular screening for cervical cancer. Screening tests can find early signs of disease so that problems can be treated early, before they ever turn into
In the U.S., more than one thousand men are affected by breast cancer every year and about two hundred thousand women are affected by breast cancer every year. Women are most likely to get diagnosed with it in their forties and fifties while some may be diagnosed with breast cancer in their twenties, if they started their menstrual cycles at an early age like 14. Typically, men are diagnosed with breast cancer in their sixties or seventies. Historically speaking, breast cancer has been around for hundreds of years. Thankfully, the treatment has improved.
Uterine cancer is an important women health problem developing rapidly, killing over 200,000 women each year. No one has discovered the actual cause, but there is a leading factor that has great suspicions to what is causing this cancer to grow rapidly.
The ovarian cancer its actually a very common problem in our daily life, there are so many women’s that suffer ovarian cancer. According to the CANSA, lately ovarian cancer develops in woman’s about 18-25 years and this a very so in conclusion its a very serious thing and womans need to improve health habits , scientist and doctors of the cancer association are making a lot of studies about what are the causes that woman’s develop ovarian cancer at a short age. Actually there are a lot of causes and bad habits that the women are having that increase the possibilities of developing this cancer, it is so important that all the girls have this information and know all about this cancer, so in that way women’s will be prevented. There is not
In 2013, 11,955 women in the United States were diagnosed with cervical cancer as well as 4,217 women died from cervical cancer. However, in the past 40 years, the number of deaths from the cervical cancer and number of cases from the cancer has decreased as a result of many women getting regular pap tests (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The goal of cervical cancer screening is to identify precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. Early identification benefits the harms related to invasive procedures require follow up on positive screening tests. Earlier initiation and increased screening are associated with more false positive results, which requires additional testing and treatment, with little change in cancer risk.