In the End of Policing by Alex Vitale, Vitale makes the consistent argument that the main goal of police forces remains social control rather than public safety, reflecting many different dominant concerns about immigrants, urban working classes, and escaped slaves. Further, he believes that reforms cannot effectively address the deeply rooted issues with policing. Vitale supports his argument through many examples of the corruption that the police force endures through the decades and the lack of effort going towards creating a change in the police force. I find his argument super convincing because I live and have been raised in a society that recognizes that the system is flawed. In many prisons across the majority of the United States, the main population that makes up …show more content…
The course sheds light on the ongoing consequences of racial disparities. It becomes apparent that discrimination plays a crucial role in determining racial disparities in terms of access to financial security, job opportunities, and access to education. But counterarguments also arise during conversations on discrimination, particularly regarding racial achievement disparity and structural inequality. Yes, there are lower achievement rates depending on race and the way society is built reflects the construction of the idea of race groups, but they are not the outline of the course because the course also includes topics such as health and policing. Throughout this course we discussed the racial achievement gap starting from pre-colonization to modern times, in order to understand the complex historical and systemic injustices, that fail to capture the variety of obstacles encountered by excluded communities. Similarly, saying that this course only focused on inequality ignores the institutionalized systemic biases that sustain disadvantageous
William Julius Wilson creates a thrilling new systematic framework to three politically tense social problems: “the plight of low-skilled black males, the persistence of the inner-city ghetto, and the fragmentation of the African American family” (Wilson, 36). Though the conversation of racial inequality is classically divided. Wilson challenges the relationship between institutional and cultural factors as reasons of the racial forces, which are inseparably linked, but public policy can only change the racial status quo by reforming the institutions that support it.
Morton explains that political, institutional, and structural factors lead to the segregation of poverty in minority communities because of their lack of access to educational and health service, reliable public transportation, and job (Morton 275). Morton recognizes that the achievement gap goes much deeper than the education realm and she believes
Policing is a very difficult, complex and dynamic field of endeavor that is always evolves as hard lessons teach us what we need to know about what works and what don’t work. There are three different Era’s in America’s policing: The Political Era, The Reform Era, and The Community Problem Solving Era. A lot has changed in the way that policing works over the years in the United States.
Woodson (2010) presents a cogent argument for considering race as the central construct of understanding inequality in America. Woodson’s most notable publication, “The Mis-Education of the Negro,” identifies the school’s role in structuring inequality
Currently in the United States, we have 2.3 million people incarcerated in prison and jail, and an additional 7 million people either on probation or parole, thus, making us the most incarcerated nation on the planet. In comparison, we have a bigger prison population than those of China and Brazil combined. Clearly, this has become a tremendous problem and has affected many people, generally poorer people of color. The people as described, usually come from a childhood of abuse, gang violence, poverty, and early victimization by law enforcement in impoverished neighborhoods. I believe the issue isn’t the people within the community, but rather the system the governors that community. I believe our corrupt justice system
The United States has a larger percent of its population incarcerated than any other country. America is responsible for a quarter of the world’s inmates, and its incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. The ineffectiveness of the United States’ criminal justice system is caused by mass incarceration of non-violent offenders, racial profiling, and a high rate of recidivism.
Many people know of the police officers of today’s world and that it is their job to enforce the laws set by their government, but not many people know the history of your typical everyday United States police officer or how they came about. The idea for neither your everyday police officer nor his or her department they work for or how a police department operates, originated in the United States. Over the years though America has made changes and adapted its system over the years to make it more suitable for its countries beliefs and practices.
Both of these articles were focused on the Strategy of Policing, but the author’s approaches to the ‘hot topics,’ couldn’t be more difficult. Williams and Murphy focused on the different eras of policing, and how the racial conflicts have overlapped policing efforts. Whereas, Kelling and Moore focused on how police have evolved with the eras. The articles were dramatically different, however, the policing eras: Political, Reform, and Community Orientated eras were influenced largely as the main focuses for each academic article.
...disparities between the two ethnic communities that can be traced back to the legacy of slavery and other forms of oppression that blacks have suffered.” Supporters of this view felt that educational achievement correlates more strongly with economic status than with any other single variable. Since the majority of the black community lags behind whites in income and wealth, the educational inequalities are caused by the economic inequalities. They believe that once the inequalities disappear, the educational disparities will as well. Many argue that this is not a viable argument. They point to other minority groups such as Asians, some of whom are financially worse off than blacks, and they excel in school . They felt that because the civil rights legislation removed all roadblocks back in the 60’s and 70’s something else must be contributing to the large gap.
The author provides some theories in explaining why racial inequality exists and how it continues to exist. The first sets of theories are the deficiency theories. Deficiency theories state that “Racial minorities occupy an inferior economic, social and political status because of some
The Political Era of policing occurred in the early 1800’s and lasted until the 1930’s, and was under the direct influence of the local government and politicians. There were benefits of political influence; police departments began to develop intimate relationships within their communities offering a wide array of services to citizens. For example, the police worked soup kitchens and provided temporary housing for immigrants searching for work (Peak, 2015). In addition to providing an array of services to the community, officers were integrated into neighborhoods, which helped to prevent and contain riots. Typically, officers were assigned to neighborhoods where they lived or had the same ethnic background. Police departments
Race as a “…social and historical idea, not biological” (Palaita, Lecture 1/25/18), only works because according to Social Construction Theory, “…these categories work because our complacency allows us to presume that the identities are natural and a group’s social status relies on biology, rather than social/cultural circumstances” (Palaita, Lecture 1/25/18). Our unwillingness to challenge these identities has allowed these categories to be used to determine who will be on the advantageous side of the inequality we face here in the United States. If we no longer accepted these conditions, and change the way social groups are viewed and treated, we may create a new norm and close the inequality gap between social
Institutionalised racism exists under a more subversive manner, hidden in the shadows, yet still has the ability to prevent attempts to mend these health disparities. Consideration must be given to the factors that induce such health disparities, such as socio economic levels of disparity and employment status. However, the dynamic complexity associated with racism alongside ill health must be noted, were poor mental and physical health might be a pre-determinant for being a factor responsible for keeping one out of a vocation and poverty. Larson and her colleagues argue that lessening the socioeconomic inequality would reduce, but not curtail these health inequalities (2007, p327). The difficulty presented to this, is that racism is firmly entrenched within some structural frameworks of society, with the ability to extinguish any progressive movements towards these health issues, but instead reinforcing negative ideologies towards Indigenous
In my opinion, the many different views of police culture can vary in many different situations. I say this because of the many different views this can be misleading at times. I think what's needed is reform of a police culture that has often infected relations between police and blacks, destabilized respect for cops and the law, and set the basis for the many deaths. The overall image of the police offers is an overview of the public’s perception of the police in reality. Without the public’s view of this police culture wouldn’t have the look it has now. Specific characteristics of the publics, association, or foundation remain interchangeable. Actions of the overall image are valuable because they
The future of policing is fairly clear in what direction it is heading. It has been slowly reforming to meet the needs of the people, reduce crime, and make policing more efficient. Some of the reforms that will probably take place in the future include, better educated police officers and police managers, consolidation of police departments to save on money and resources, upgraded technology, race and gender equality, better testing techniques to recruit and promote within the department, and improved proactive planning techniques. One of these proactive tools that will surely become more widely used and implemented better is community policing. It has been evolving since its first introduction into the police world and will see more reforms in the future. Compstat should also become more widely used by almost all police departments to make those in charge more accountable and for improved crime mapping.