The Effects of Smoking on the Developing Fetus The exposure of the fetus to nicotine during development has several effects. The most well known result of smoking is low birth weight of the infant. There are also some studies that reveal nicotine as a drug that can affect the brain of the developing fetus. Nicotine also has direct effects on the neurotransmitter systems in the CNS and may cause a decrease in cell growth which could result in mental impairment. The correlation between maternal smoking and low birth weight has been strongly established. Nicotine affects the placental function by inducing the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine into the maternal blood, which causes decreased blood flow to the placenta (1). The decreased blood flow causes a decrease in delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. This may have an effect on cell growth and development. High levels of carboxyhemoglobin are present in the blood of the mother and the fetus. This may decrease the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen and fetal hypoxia is the result (2). Fetal hypoxia and ischemia are major contributors to developmental defects, but nicotine has been implicated, in various studies, to have a direct affect on fetal development (3). Several studies suggest that nicotine interferes with cell acquisition and development in various brain regions. The developing nervous system seems to be more vulnerable to nicotine exposure than the rest of the body (4). This is important since nicotine readily crosses the placental barrier and fetal blood concentrations are equal to or above that of the mother (1). DNA can be used as a index for measuring cell acquisition. An experiment on rats by Lichtensteiger et. al. reported that DN... ... middle of paper ... ...r. (1988) Prenatal adverse effects of nicotine on the developing brain. Progress in Brain Research. 73:137-157. 2. Moore, K. L. The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology, 4th edition. Philadelphia PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988, p.146. 3.Navarro, H. A., F. J. Seidler, J. P. Eylers, F. E. Baker, S. S. Dobbins, S. E. Lappi, T. A. Slotkin. (1989) Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Development of Central and Peripheral Cholinergic Neurotransmitter Systems. Evidence for Cholinergic Trophic Influences in Developing Brain. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 251(3):894-900. 4. Navarro, H. A., F. J. Seidler, R. D. Schwartz, F. E. Baker, S. S. Dobbins, T. A. Slotkin. (1989) Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Impairs Nervous System Development at a Dose Which Does Not Affect Viability or Growth. Brain Research Bulletin. 23:187-192.
Tobacco is connected with a number of negative effects in humans and a few other organisms. For example, the long list of negative effects range from birth defects and lessened lung capacity, to sexual impotence. All of the previously mentioned result from extended tobacco exposure in varying mediums and although they are negative effects associated with tobacco, it has also been proven that tobacco to acts as a stimulant to some animals (Nice 135). In studying how tobacco effects the body of any living being and its uses, over time new developments may progress that would allow us to use tobacco only for its positive effects while bypassing its negative ones.
The Web. The Web. 15 Apr. 2013. The. Waskey, Andrew J. -. “Moral Status of Embryos.”
Ultimately, Foucault has shown that punishment does not have one origin that can be traced down in history but that it is a combination of a never-ending cycle. A few years from now, we will evolve and there will be another level of power in charge that will come along with different rules and punishment. We will look back and be astounded at the way that we punished people, and call that the new barbaric ways of our society. This shows how the change in power is what determines the type of punishment we enforce and not by our morals.
According to Foucault, the individual is created and removed from the society by subjecting him to certain norms. This ensures that the individual is created to fit into an already constructed power hierarchy as opposed to creating a society in which individuals a...
There are many factors that are integrated into the successful development of a child from Prenatal growth into toddlerhood. Teratogens (outside factors) have a great impact on the babies’ inutero development. Some outside factors like second-hand smoke, smog, or fumes from cleaning chemicals can cause negative effects on the child inside the womb. A few major affects from teratogens could result in low birth weight, head circumference, slow physical growth as well as an effect on mental, behavioral and motor skills (Berk, 2003). The environment around the mother provides many of these outside factors affecting the baby’s growth. But the main link to teratogens during the gestation period is most likely the mother. Daniel S. Messinger and the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 2.8% of pregnant women admitted to using illicit drugs during their pregnancy (1996). Through illicit drug use, tobacco use and alcohol use, the mother disrupts her baby’s growth with possibly permanent damage.
His New Deal programs caused a tranquil peace of mind among many Americans, considering the programs were designed to progress America’s situation after the Depression. However, several Americans opposed Roosevelt, and objected his New Deal laws. This group of Americans believed that the government was doing too much, and was taking away their personal freedom. Others believed that the government was not doing enough, and should have played an even greater role within the American society. Roosevelt’s New Deal not only brought prosperity to America after the Great Depression, but it also brought division among Americans. His New Deal had, and still does have, an impact on America, and it is still pondered today whether or not his New Deal laws were successful or
Overall, the New Deal was a mixture of both success and failure. While it provided relief to millions of people and increased government involvement in the economy, the New Deal was unable to redistribute the wealth among Americans, and poverty was still prevalent. During his time in office, FDR established a modern definition for the word freedom and introduced a new type of liberalism that encouraged the government to have a more prevalent role in the lives of Americans. Though not supported by all, the New Deal was FDR’s attempt in bettering the welfare of the nation.
Prison and the penalty have become the essence of punishment because it makes the person fear in committing the same crime repeatedly. For example, prisoners would engage in activities like work in order for them to learn and train them. Therefore, a crime and penalty must be accepted in order for the penalties to be heavier than crimes. Also, there must be a rule that focuses on the intensity of the effect on who committed the crime by using the common truth. According to Foucault (1995), “When the prisoner is isolated it creates a terrible shock. When the prisoner is isolated, they are able to reflect and protect themselves from their bad behaviors and negativity” (p.122). If, essential punishment for prisoners should be based on learning to become a better human with
Liebrechts-Akkerman, G., Lao, O., Liu, F., Sleuwen, B., Engelberts, A., L'Hoir, M., & ... Kayser, M. (2011). Postnatal parental smoking: an important risk factor for SIDS. European Journal Of Pediatrics, 170(10), 1281-1291. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1433-6
“Foucault’s (1975) Discipline and Punish, discuss how surveillance and discipline are necessary; and that regulatory power is used to control and organise societies and nation-state”. A constant surveillance on people, locating threats and enforcing the law to maintain order. I argue that the Hunger Games plot and Foucault’s (1975) Discipline and Punish does show relation as it surveillance and broadcasts the blood bath game nationwide from the Capitol to the whole 12 district. For Capitol the game is looked as a form of entertainment used to make it seem like honouring the sacrifices that were made to have a safe and harmonious place to live. However, for all 12 districts, it is a form punishment to keep the discipline intact and for past rebellious acts reminding the districts Capitol is the one with power.
First of all, Foucault has addressed the movement of violent historical punishment to the emergence of the modern form of the prison as punishment in several different ways. He focuses on the use of discipline as well as surveillance which in modern society is used frequently. He ventures away from the thoughts of previous theorists in regards to class struggle in relation to punishment. Foucault’s states that there is a shift in the mode of punishment that occurs around 1750-1820. This is where he sees that punishment has shifted to be viewed in a more qualitative way as well as, punishment is now in place to target the soul of the offender. This basically can be inferred that there was a movement in which now the penal system wanted to understand
Beginning in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, the nature of punishment began to change. Slowly, the spectacle of justice which accompanied the public executions and torture of the Middle Ages began to recede farther and farther away from the public into the fringes of society as the institution of the prison began to take shape. Hidden by both distance and structure, the large stone/concrete walls and small windows kept the real...
Berger, K. S. (1980). 4: Prenatal Development and Birth. The developing person (pp. 93-121). New York, N.Y.: Worth Publishers.
Most women have heard that smoking is very deadly to the human body and can cause cancer, heart disease, and other major health problems, yet it is still an ongoing problem. Around the world, about 250 million women use tobacco every day and this number is increasing rapidly, according to data presented at the 2009 14th World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Mumbai (March of Dimes , 2011). Not only do women smoke, some choose to continue to smoke while pregnant. Smoking during pregnancy is a worldwide problem, although it is more common in developed countries such as the US, where an estimated 18 percent of pregnant women smoke. In developing countries, it 's estimated that only 8 percent of expectant mothers smoke. These percentages may sound low, but together they equal up to one million babies born worldwide each year to mothers who smoked while pregnant (Smoking during Pregnancy , 2009) . One study found that about one in four women who smoked while pregnant deny it. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of birth complications and has long-term developmental consequences for child development, including deficits in general intelligence, academic skills, and cognitive functioning. As social inequalities in smoking have increased over time, maternal smoking during pregnancy has become concentrated among women with lower levels of education (e.g., more than 20% among women without a high school degree) (Gilman, Breslau, Subramanian, Hitsman, & Koenen, 2008). Despite the warnings about the dangers of smoking while pregnant, some women still choose to smoke which places themselves and their baby at risk for many health issues.
3. Foucault argues in the conclusion that discipline is not just about control—it also produces new kinds of knowledge. He cites the rise of psychiatry and clinical medicine as examples. Apply Foucault’s ideas to your everyday life. How has discipline and surveillance produced who you are today and your ability to take action?