Research Article Summary
A research article on The Effects of Cooperation and Competition on Intrinsic Motivation (Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004) examined the effects of cooperation and competition on participants in a sports setting and performed multiple studies to evaluate the relationship between the two. They found that both cooperation and competition had a positive influence on intrinsic motivation and performance through four experiments that tested the effects of pure cooperation, pure competition, and intergroup competition on intrinsic motivation and performance (Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004).
Tauer & Harackiewicz (2004) defined pure cooperation as “a group of individuals working together to attain a common goal” (p. 849). They also define pure competition as “one person attempting to outperform another.” Intrinsic motivation is defined as “the desire to take part in an activity for its own sake” ((Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004, p. 850). It is leads to the person enjoying the task and “developing long-lasting interest in the activity” (Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004, p. 850). Theorist believe that if individuals hold interdependent goals, then cooperation should enhance performance (Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004). In a meta-analysis of 64 studies, they found that cooperation facilitated performance more than individual competition ((Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004). On the other hand, according to Tauer & Harackiewicz (2004), “the effect of competition relative to cooperation depended on two factors: the means interdependence of a task and the way in which competition is structured” (p. 849). Competition that involves a group effort tends to accomplish tasks more efficiently than competition performed independently. The authors s...
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.... It is consistent with the assumption that negative feedback would negatively impact performance. The studies also caused participants to “approach the activity with more interpersonal enthusiasm, competition led individuals to value competence and perceive greater challenge, and intergroup competition led participants to do both” (Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004, p. 860). The authors were able to replicate the feedback results in all the four experiments. In conclusion, Tauer and Harackiewicz’s (2004) research supports the hypothesis that interpersonal enthusiasm enhanced intergroup competition, as well as positive feedback would led to task enjoyment.
References
Tauer, J. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2004). The Effects Of Cooperation And
Competition On Intrinsic Motivation And Performance.. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 86(6), 849-861.
Smith, R. E., Cumming, S. P., & Smoll, F. L. (2008). Development and validation of the motivational climate scale for youth sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(1), 116-136.
Deci and Ryan (1987) proposed that intrinsic motivation stems from drive-like human needs to be self-determining and competent, i.e., to be autonomous rather than externally-controlled. In concrete terms, an intrinsically motivated behaviour is that which appears to be spontaneously initiated by the person in pursuit of no other goal than the activity itself. According to Deci and Ryan, events that foster self-determination or competence will enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation, whereas events that weaken self-determination or competence will decrease intrinsic motivation.(1) Supporting research evidence shows that events that enhance self-perceived autonomous functioning produce increased intrinsic motivation for the target activity. The ability to make choices about how to pursue an activity, for example, has been shown to enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation (Enzle, Roggeveen, & Look, 1991; Zuckerman, Porac, Lathin, Smith, & Deci, 1978), as has positive performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978; Vallerand & Reid, 1988). Externally-controlling events that are antagonistic to self-perceived autonomy, on the other hand, result in decreased intrinsic motivation and perceptions of external causality. Thus, task-contingent rewards (e.g., Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973), negative performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978), and controlling forms of surveillance (e.g., Enzle & Anderson, 1993) have been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation.
Sports and games are means of mental and physical growth, and contribute in the formation of character (Vora & Nail, 2016, P.354). Moreover, sport psychologists play an important role in the mental preparations of athletes. They are involved in assisting coaches in working with athletes as well as helping improve athletes’ motivation. Sport psychologists and coaches should be able to differentiate if an athlete competes just to get a reward or because they enjoy the process. According to the authors, people engage in different activities for different reasons. Athletes are intrinsically motivated when they engage in an activity from the pressure and satisfaction derived from the activity itself, whereas extrinsic motivation describes behaviors performed to attain material or social rewards (Vora & Nail, 2016, P.354). Intrinsic motivation for exercise and sports are behaviors that are performed for the satisfaction gained in the activity itself. In the study, the researchers found a gender difference in the motivation level of female and male athletes. Female and male athletes have different strengths and weaknesses within the motivational
The journal article, “What does sport mean to you? Fun and other preferences for adolescents’ sport participation” claims that fun, social aspects, masculinity, and identity are the main reasons youth participate in sports (Skille and Østera˚ s, 360). Oftentimes, athletes forget they are on the same team, and they start to form cliques or groups based around who has the best bench press or 40 meter dash time. As a result, teammates start to compete with each other instead of working towards the same goal. For instance, one coaching journal article claims that “moral reasoning” in youth is determined through “collective norms” or group behaviors that the coach has a hand in influencing (Shields, LaVoi, Bredemeier, Power, 748-749). A proper coaching environment should therefore revolve around a fun, supportive, and collective environment where success is encouraged through the full support of the team. This support can further be developed through proper positive mindfulness and code of conduct guidelines set forth by the coach; for instance, hazing should be discouraged and proper communication and helpfulness among teammates should be
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
Human Motivation Most of us get up in the morning, go to school, university or work, and behave in ways that are predictably our own. We respond to our environment and the people in it with little thought about why we work hard, enjoy certain classes or find some recreational activities so much fun. Yet all these types of behaviour are motivated by something. Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager’s job is to channel motivation towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Motivation is an important concept which is critical for understanding of and improvement in organizational behaviour and performance. It is therefore important for the managers to understand motivation. It is an important tool which they can use to get more out of their employees and increase organizational performance. Motivation can be defined as the factors, both internal as well as external which arouse in individuals the desire and commitment for a job (Mele, 2005, p. 15). Organizational performance on the other hand refers to the degree to which the organizational objectives have been achieved.
Goldstein, J. D., & Iso-Ahola, S. (2006). Promoting sportsmanship in youth sports: Perspectives from sport psychology. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 77(7), 18-24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215757725?accountid=8289
Cooperation as joint effort that is important in human life. Without cooperation it’s difficult to survive in society and in this world also.
Teaching and learning has greater changing, active learning has become a significant approach in this era. Group work is a form of voluntary association of members benefiting from cooperative learning, that enhances the total output of the activity than when done individually. Group work not only used in all levels of education, but also in some work. Its purpose improves to peoples` motivation, because when the people become part of group, to be perceived and appreciated by group of members, and to achieve higher level in them might a serious motivator when it comes to finishing a task. (Burnett 2016). This essay will examine some people get passionate among group work, while others might assume group work is suspicion and dread. At same time,
In daily life, we need motivation to improve our performance in our job or in studies. Motivation is an internal force, dependent on the needs that drive a person to achieve. In the other words, motivation is a consequence of expectations of the future while satisfaction is a consequence of past events (Carr, 2005). We need to give reward to our self when we did correctly or we has achieve our target. Reward is something that we are given because we have behaved well, worked hard, or provided a service to the community. Theories of motivation can be used to explain the behavior and attitude of employees (Rowley, 1996; Weaver, 1998). The theories include content theories, based on assumptions that people have individual needs, which motivate their action. Meanwhile according to Robbins (2001), motivation is a needs-satisfying process, which means that when a person's needs are satisfied by certain factors, the person will exert superior effort toward attaining organizational goals. Schulze and Steyn (2003) affirmed that in order to understand people’s behavior at work, managers or supervisors must be aware of the concept of needs or motives which will help “move” their employees to act.Theories such as Maslow (1954), McClelland (1961), Herzberg (1966) and Alderfer (1969) are renowned for their works in this field. The intrinsic reward or also be known as motivators factors is the part of Herzberg motivation theory. Motivators are involve factors built into the job or the studies itself such as achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Hygiene factors are extrinsic to the job such as interpersonal relationship, salary, supervision and company policy (Herzberg, 1966. There have two factors that are called hygiene fac...
As a teacher my primary goal is to maximize student success. For me to accomplish that I need to create an atmosphere where students are enthusiastic and intrinsically motivated. Even though we do live in an extrinsic world, students need to have an attitude of doing things for themselves. Physical activity is a great way to demonstrate intrinsic rewards. By participating in regular physical activity students can reap the rewards of helping another succeed, giving complete devotion, increasing both health and skill related fitness, and also getting their own endorphins flowing. In life it is important to learn to to work well with others and team sports are a great way to incorporate ...
According to Greenberg (1999), motivation is defined “as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal.” Where “directing” refers to the selection of a particular behavior; and ‘maintenance” refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
Numerous studies have been carried out over the past decade in order to give an answer to the benefits of using competitive, individualistic, and cooperative strategies to promote productivity and achievement (see Johnson & Johnson 1989, 1999, 2005). Working in groups cooperatively to reach common goals has been demonstrated to produced better results on achievement and productivity rather than working individually or in a competitive way. Greater
Participating in team sports is important not just for health reasons, but also for your healthy intellects and emotions. Playing sports that is in range of the player’s interest helps relieve stress and maintain their mental health. A team is mostly about unity within the team and with the coach, so no one can be selfish. Therefore playing in team sports develops good characteristics within oneself. Being part of a team sport should help create the opportunity to gain meaningful insight into one's leadership, social and cognitive development. Team sports helps build good character because they teach athletes discipline and how to have good sportsmanship. Chatterjee and Jatta declared that human beings learn and work together in various professional