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Factors that affect motivation
An essay on factors that influence motivation
An essay on factors that influence motivation
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central focus of Deci and Ryan's (1987) cognitive evaluation theory is the impact of contextual variables on motivation. Their model has been successfully used to predict and explain how events associated with the performance of a particular activity affect motivation to pursue the same activity again. We describe here an extension of Deci and Ryan's model, integrated with notions adapted from deCharms' (1968) discussion of Origin and Pawn states. This extension and integration provides a model for predicting the generalization of motivational effects across different activities.
Deci and Ryan (1987) proposed that intrinsic motivation stems from drive-like human needs to be self-determining and competent, i.e., to be autonomous rather than externally-controlled. In concrete terms, an intrinsically motivated behaviour is that which appears to be spontaneously initiated by the person in pursuit of no other goal than the activity itself. According to Deci and Ryan, events that foster self-determination or competence will enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation, whereas events that weaken self-determination or competence will decrease intrinsic motivation.(1) Supporting research evidence shows that events that enhance self-perceived autonomous functioning produce increased intrinsic motivation for the target activity. The ability to make choices about how to pursue an activity, for example, has been shown to enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation (Enzle, Roggeveen, & Look, 1991; Zuckerman, Porac, Lathin, Smith, & Deci, 1978), as has positive performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978; Vallerand & Reid, 1988). Externally-controlling events that are antagonistic to self-perceived autonomy, on the other hand, result in decreased intrinsic motivation and perceptions of external causality. Thus, task-contingent rewards (e.g., Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973), negative performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978), and controlling forms of surveillance (e.g., Enzle & Anderson, 1993) have been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation.
The same body of research that supports Deci and Ryan's model also highlights what may be an artificial limit on the generality of intrinsic motivation effects. Because of the way hypotheses have been framed, the dependent variable in all research to date has been intrinsic motivation to pursue the same activity with which the autonomy-supporting and externally-controlling variables were associated. This makes good sense, of course, when the point of the investigation is to learn how people develop or lose intrinsic motivation to pursue particular activities. Deci and Ryan's theory, however, is not necessarily restricted to this level of specificity. When a person exercises choice with respect to some activity, is the person's sense of self-determination enhanced only as it relates to that activity, or does the effect also contribute to the individual's overall sense of personal autonomy?
Daniel Challahan attempts to argue that Euthanasia is always seriously morally wrong in his article, “When Self-Determination Runs Amok.” Callahan discusses several reasons depicting why he believes that Euthanasia is morally impermissible. John Lachs, however, does not see validity in several of Callahan’s points and responds to them in his article, “When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok.” Two points from Callahan’s article Lachs challenges are the fundamental moral wrong view and the subjectiveness of suffering.
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective. As humans, we are too diverse in the way we think and develop, lending the mere classification of an internal motivation to become redundant. Furthermore, as
Art is an expression of one’s mind or imagination through drawings and paintings on a canvas or words written in a book. Graffiti is an expression as well of one’s imaginations or feelings through words, or drawings displayed on a surface such as a building, wall or subway train.
Within the nursing environment one thing that is certain is the constant changes in policies and procedures. It is imperative for the nurses to receive a certain level of support from their nurse leaders (Mullarkey et al., 2011). Establishing and creating human relationships is key in a well-balanced nurse leader. The transformational nurse leader is a perfect example of trustworthiness. This leadership style brings her staff together to work as a team while keeping them on track to reach the finish line (Mullarkey et al., 2011). The transformational leader honors good relationships while leading by example (Mullarkey et al., 2011). This gives staff in any healthcare setting the opportunity to trust in their nurse manager and work as a well-rounded employee (Mullarkey et al., 2011).
Wood, W. M., Karvonen, M., Test, D. W., Browder, D., & Algozzine, B. (2004). Promoting
The purpose of this paper is to review the theory of self-regulation and how it can be applied to practice in health care settings to improve patient outcomes. According to Johnson (1997), more than 25 years of research has influenced the development of the self-regulation theory, which is about coping with healthcare experiences. Health problems have shifted from acute to chronic where it has been identified that personal behaviors are linked to over half of societies chronic health problems (Ryan & Sawin, 2009). As the modern nurse strives to provide specialized care and improve patient outcomes, the utilization of nursing theory continues to gain importance. This theory explains how patients use specific types of information to cope with health care events thus providing a rational for selecting information that can be expected to benefit patients. The concept of self-regulation has been a part of nursing practice in a circumlocutory fashion for years. It has been most commonly referred to as self-management creating considerable ambiguity and overlapping of definitions for that term and self-regulation (SR). For the purpose of this paper these terms will imply that people follow self-set goals introduced by their health care provider.
The essay “Self-Reliance”, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, is a persuasive essay promoting the ways of transcendentalism. He uses this paper to advance a major point using a structure that helps his argument. In the paper, Emerson begins his concluding thoughts with a statement that greater self-reliance will bring a revolution. He then applies this idea to society and all of its aspects, including religion, education, and art. This brings Emerson to a new, more precise focus on how society never advance, rather it recedes on one side as fast as it gains on the other. This shocking, yet intriguing, idea is supported and augmented using tone, metaphor, example, and the consequence of ignoring his opinion. The final result is a conglomeration of ideas into the major points that, “Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles.” With the major points and devices used by Emerson defined, it is now possible to examine in greater detail how he persuades the reader, starting with the use of tone.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
People around the world have different ways to express their feelings through. It could be done legally or illegaly. One way in which it could be done is through art like graffiti. Graffiti is a form of art where people express their feelings by spraying colors on street walls. It is actually a very interesting kind of art, as it is not easy to draw with sprays and to express yourself using some kind of symbols on walls that represent something deep inside you. Since the beginning of time, people have been debating on whether graffiti is legal or not. If you think about it for a second, you will find each and every reason for graffiti to be legal, but people till now tend to accuse it as a form of crime. Since when is art a crime? Since when is expressing your feelings in a peaceful way is a crime? Graffiti could not just be used on walls of other people’s property, it as well could be done on portraits and sold and actually in Brazil many people travel there to see the graffiti portraits in the galleries. Graffiti grabs people attention in a way and raises people’s awareness of something through drawing. Isn’t it just beautiful to draw something that grabs people attention and raises their awareness towards something and then credit you for doing so? Therefore, graffiti is passionate beautiful kind of art that I do not think it should be seen as a crime, instead as an astonishing form of art.
It is a ridiculous belief that just because graffiti is done somewhere without consent, it throws out the notion that it is still art. Sure, the piece of work was done illegally but why can’t the work still be appreciated and enjoyed. Art is art wherever it is found. The location of the piece does not change that. In fact, graffiti can kill two birds with one stone. First, at the foundation it is a form of art. Second, on top of that foundation a message can be erected and directed. But as the saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
The American Automotive Industry, popularly known as the U.S. Automotive Industry is one of the most rapidly evolving industries in North America. It is generally oligopolistic with a few players who in the past have been known to avoid price competition among themselves. The industry consists of industries manufacturing vehicles, car parts, replaceable parts and those engaged in assembling parts into complete models. However, the most dominant players in this industry are the vehicle manufacturers. The players design various models, produce the various parts that each model needs and assemble them into a finished product before availing them to the market. General Motors, Chlysler and Ford motors, dominate the U.S. Automotive mobile. They are popularly referred to as “The Big Three”.
Mullins (2002) also classifies motivation into Intrinsic and Extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivation involves psychological rewards to enhance job satisfaction, such as the opportunity to use one's ability, a sense of achievement, receiving appreciation and positive recognition or being treated in a considerate manner (Mullins, 2002:P490). Such methods ensure employees are constantly motivated while being engaged in activities that are enjoyable and rewarding.
Humans are social beings, we want to know and to be known as well as we desire to be understood and be heard by other people. Therefore we choose different ways to express ourselves and make our statements. Graffiti is one of the main uncurbed ways to do it which makes it one of the most discussed topics. While some people consider it as art some people call it just “stain” or “vandalism”. Leonard Kriegel emphasizes his negative thoughts and experiences in his article titled “Tunnel Notes of a New Yorker”. However because of he had traumatic childhood memory, he is being too emotional and personal in his article. For this reason he loses his credibility in his words. Although I think that graffiti is a way to express ourselves freely and it includes artistic value it is undeniable that respectively it affects society and environment in a negative way, it violates the law, and cause the decline of the urban civility.
Being true to yourself is important because you are honest with yourself such as your feelings. The quote from the poem self-reliance “Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.” will be a good model of being true to yourself. This will be a good example because it telling us that we should do what we feel and do not listened to other opinions. Also the quote from the poem Walden “ I did not wish to live what was not life” will be good to show of how to be true to yourself.