# Discussion
## Effectiveness of the Congress of Vienna
> Discuss the Congress of Vienna. What did it try to accomplish in Europe? How well did it succeed in achieving its goals?
After Napoleon’s exile, Robert Stewart, the British foreign secretary, brought about the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont on March 9, 1814. The treaty restored the Bourbon family to power, reduced France to its size of 1792, and aligned Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia in what was called the Quadruple Alliance. In September of that year, the Congress of Vienna met to forge new policies to prevent France from again dominating Europe: Prussia and Austria are given new territories, and the Bourbon monarchy is confirmed. The various powers at the Congress feared that Russia would advance further into Central Europe. To prevent this, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French Prime Minister, suggested that France, Britain, and Austria align to deter tsar Alexander I from penetrating deeper into Central Europe – it worked. France’s brilliant move gave them a spot as the 5th great power of Europe. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned from Elba, whereupon he was promptly declared an outlaw. At the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, General Wellington and the Prussian Field Marshal von Blucher defeated Napoleon; he was again forced into exile, this time on Saint Helena (off the coast of Africa). The Quadruple Alliance remained an unprecedented peace-making coalition, and the Vienna Settlement resolved all of the goals of the Congress. Treaties became made between states, not monarchs, and the Settlement remained intact for almost half of a century and prevented war for nearly 100 years.
## Ideology of Conservatism
> Explain the ideology of nineteenth-ce...
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...s experiencing revolution. After the Congress of Laibach in January 1821, Austrian troops restored the king of the Two Sicilies to nonconstitutional monarchy. The Verona congress of 1822 had two results: the first was that the Spanish revolution would be brutally suppressed. The congress that led to the suppression of the Spanish revolution stood in sharp contrast to the various alliances to invade or confiscate territory previously, and was a landmark event in European international order. The second result of the congress was that Britain, unsympathetic to Metternich’s ambitions, would withdraw from continental affairs and instead, under leadership of the new foreign minister George Canning, exploit the South American revolutions and support the American Monroe Doctrine. Britain would dominate Latin American commercial interests for the remainder of the century.
The relations between England and the British North American colonies could always be considered precarious. Prior to 1750 British essentially followed a policy of benign neglect and political autonomy in the American colonies. (Davidson p.97) The colonies were for the most part content with benign neglect policy, relishing in a “greater equality and representative government”(Davidson p.95) within the colonies. Competition among European Imperial nations began to effect British policy toward North America colonies causing rapid shifts from 1750 to 1776. During this period, the British Empire made a series of policy decision that sealed the fate of the British North American colonies and lead to the American Revolution.
During the Revolutionary War, the Americans fought over half the war without a federal government. That was recognized, and some of the problems were fixed by 1777 with the Articles of Confederation. Because there was no federal government, the Continental Congress had to take on an enormous amount of responsibilities. They had to create the Continental Army, print money, manage trade and most of all they had to analyze and deal with the national debt. The Continental Congress were completing these tasks and did not have approval from the
The Control of England in North America and Demise of the Spanish Power in the Atlantic
The country of Austria is a landlocked country located in central Europe, just north of Italy and Slovenia. Austria also borders Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Lichtenstein. In comparison to the United States, Austria is about the size of Maine at 83,870 square kilometers. The terrain includes mountains, or the Alps, in the South and West, and flat land in the North and East (“Austria”). Mountains cover about three-fourths of the country. Austria is also known for its many valleys, lakes, and forests (Beller). The climate is temperate, with moderate summers and cold winters. Both seasons receive regular rain, except for frequent snow in the Alps during winter. The majority of the population lives in the Northeast flatland due to the poor soil and steepness of the mountain region. The Danube River runs through the northern part of the country with the capital, Vienna, on its banks (“Austria”).
Given the short time frame in which the Revolution of 1830 occurred, it didn’t give England and the other super powers much time to make a decision on what had to be done. The situation was best describe by the British P...
The American Revolution was sparked by a myriad of causes. These causes in themselves could not have sparked such a massive rebellion in the nation, but as the problems of the colonies cumulated, their collective impact spilt over and the American Revolution ensued. Many say that this war could have been easily avoided and was poorly handled by both sides, British and American; but as one will see, the frame of thought of the colonists was poorly suited to accept British measures which sought to “overstep” it’s power in the Americas. Because of this mindset, colonists developed a deep resentment of British rule and policies; and as events culminated, there was no means to avoid revolution and no way to turn back.
...seized this opportunity to claim independence and by the time Spain had overthrown Joseph Bonaparte in 1813, the majority of their former colonies had all gained autonomy. However, once the Spanish American colonies had gained independence, they all failed to unite leading to a reduction in inter-colonial trade and each area went their separate ways leading to economic, social and political problems within these countries.
Many revolutions have taken place throughout history, ranging from the unremarkable to the truly memorable, such as the French Revolution, the Bolshevik Revolution and the American Revolution. Through an examination of the social, cultural, economic and political causes of the American Revolution, an exploration of key arguments both for and against the American Revolution, and an analysis of the social, cultural, economic and political changes brought about by the American Revolution it can be demonstrated unequivocally that the American Revolution was indeed truly revolutionary.
Smitha, Frank E. “Rebellion against Spain in Latin America.” Macrohistory and World Report. Frank E. Smitha, 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
Changes in British policies toward the colonies between 1750 and 1776 played paramount in the evolution of relations between British North America and Mother England. Tension between England and the colonies mounted from the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War to the signing of the Declaration of Independence as a result of the several implemented changes imposed by Parliament for the purpose of increasing income and tightening the grip on America.
After we established precisely what we were fighting for, complete independence from England was our unyielding goal. Ultimately, against all odds, the Americans defeated the British in a victorious surrender at Yorktown on October 19, 1781. It is unquestionable that the war gained us political independence, for without it we would still be governed by England. As Carl Becker stated, the Revolution helped us conquer the problem of “home rule”, but now we faced the question of “who should rule at home”. Accordingly, Congress appointed a committee t...
Vincent, Mary. Constitutionalism and Civil War 1812-1974. Cultural Atlas of Spain and Portugal. Oxfordshire: Andromela Oxford Limited, 1994. 152-61. Print.
...y, along with statesmen John Quincy Adams and Albert Gallatin, to hold peace talks with the British at Ghent, Belgium. On his instructions they negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on December 24, 1814. The primary concession Madison won was surrender by Britain of American territory captured during the war.
Both the British and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt: England’s contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventually pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a new role in society while others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution.
The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, “the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history” (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy (Mikaberidze, 1047). The Congress of Vienna played an important role of creating peace in the European continent after the Napoleonic War, with two significant foreign ministers of two nations, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria and Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France.