Digestive and Urinary System
Lesson 1: The Digestive System
Terms:
q Digestion:
q Absorption:
q Elimination:
q Mastication:
q Peristalsis:
q Gastric Juices:
q Bile:
Functions of the Digestive System:
q Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination.
q Digestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes:
1. Mouth: Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates.
2. Esophagus: 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach.
3. Stomach: Holds about 1qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the small intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices.
4. Small Intestine: 20ft (6m) long, 1in (2.5cm) in diameter. Consist of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical breakdown.
5. Large Intestine (Colon): 2.5in (6cm) in diameter and 5-6ft (1.5-1.8m) long. The main function of the large intestine is the elimination of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream
Other Organs that aid Digestion
q The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
1. Liver: the largest gland in the body
q Weighs about 3.5 lbs.
q Dark reddish brown color
q Over 500 functions
q Produces bile
q Converts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores it
q Maintains level of glucose in the blood
q Changes harmful to less harmful toxins
q Stores vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, and Iron
2. Gallbladder: Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10cm) long
q Stores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine.
3. Pancreas: a gland of the digestive and endocrine system.
q Produces insulin
q Produces 3 digestive enzymes:
1. trypsin: digest protein
2. amylase: digest carbohydrates
3. lipase: digest fats
q These enzymes are released into the small intestines through ducts.
Lesson 2: Problems and care of the Digestive Systems
Terms:
q Indigestion:
q Hiatal hernia:
q Gallstones:
q Peptic ulcers:
q Gastritis:
q Appendicitis:
q Hepatitis:
Common Functional Problems:
q Halitosis: (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral health care.
q Indigestion: occurs when your body doesn’t properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much ,eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol.
q Heartburn: occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn.
q Gas: a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal but some foods can cause an excess of gas.
q Nausea and Vomiting: this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis.
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
come along, this is when the bile is released to digest the fat. The same
•Jose symptoms is derived from a disorder called Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurring in the digestive system with the consumption of food, irritating the esophagus generally causing notable clinical symptoms such as the following: vomiting, chronic cough, angina, & regurgitation immediately after the consumed food. Jose's experience of the lump in his throat is caused by esophageal sphincter pressure.
Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten. The main causes of GERD occur because your lower esophageal sphincter (LES), or the sphincter that closes off the esophagus to the stomach, becomes weakened or stops functioning correctly. Scientists are finding that different nutrition habits affect the workings of the LES. Things like dietary supplements, drugs, or anything containing caffeine will actually cause the malfunction of the LES.
The small intestine empties into the cecum. The cecum along with the large colon make up the large intestine. Digestion in the large intestine occurs by bacteria and protozoa. arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov The energy content found in feeds and how it is measured in Kilocalories (kcal).
In order for this breakdown to happen, the ‘tube’ through which the food travels requires assistance from a number of other digestive organs starting with the salivary glands, and later receiving
Esophagus: Esophagus is a long straight tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach. Once the food has been reduced to a soft mush, the tongue pushes it to the throat which leads to a long straight tube called esophagus. The esophagus squeezes the mass of food with rhythmic muscle contraction called peristalsis which then forces the food to the stomach.
Mouth- Digestion begins in the mouth. Physical actions, such as chewing, breaks food into small parts so it can be easily digested. Next, salivary glands secrete an enzyme called saliva to mix with food to start the breaking down of carbohydrates (WebMD (2).) From the mouth, food travels to the pharynx, or throat, by swallowing,
...ve eaten, to break down the food into a liquid mixture and to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small intestine. Once the bolus has entered your stomach it begins to be broken down with the help of the strong muscles and gastric juices which are located in the walls of your stomach. The gastric juices are made up of hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus- and the main enzyme inside of your stomach is what is known as pepsin, which needs to be surrounded in an acidic setting in order to do its job, that is to break down protein. Once the bolus has been inside of your stomach for long enough it begins to form into a liquid called chyme, and what keeps the chyme from flowing back into our esophagus are ring shaped muscles known as sphincters located at the beginnings and ends of the stomach and they have the task of controlling the flow of solids and liquids.
Imagine you are eating a sandwich containing wheat bread, ham, lettuce, and Swiss cheese. Do you ever wonder where the nutrients go from all of the previous listed ingredients? Well, when a bite of this sandwich is taken, the mouth produces a saliva enzyme called amylase. This enzyme immediately goes to work by breaking down the carbohydrates that are in the bread. Once, the bite is completely chewed, the contents then are swallowed and go down the esophagus and begin to head towards the upper esophageal sphincter and the is involuntarily pushed towards the stomach. The next passage for the sandwich is to go through the lower esophageal sphincter; which transports the sandwich into the stomach.
Food needs to be broken down further for the body to use the nutrients food carries. The stomach secretes pepsin and hydrochloric acid that help kill pathogens found within ingested food. Food will stay in the stomach for a few hours before it moves into the small intestine.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.
If you eat too fast, more food than necessary will end up in your gut before your brain catches up and tells you to stop. This is a common cause of acid indigestion, bloating, gas, and stomach cramps. If you have chronic stomach problems, and the symptoms are more noticeable after meals, you may be eating too fast. Slow down, breathe, pay attention to your meal, and chew each bite thoroughly. Did you know?
Yet, there is a common misconception that these problems are resulted by means of hyper-acidity and excessive creation of tummy acid. In reality, many cases of heartburn and acid reflux symptoms have been prompted by the production of not enough stomach acid especially in the case of GERD.
It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to break down ethanol, fats and other acidic wastes including ammonia, into harmless substances.