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Chapter 2Chapter 2 Diversity in Organizations
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The impact of diversity on organizations
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Recommended: Chapter 2Chapter 2 Diversity in Organizations
Focusing on the definition of organizational dissent and how it impacts the organization, there first has to be a comprehension of the word dissent. According to Morris (1996) the history of the word dissent comes from the combination of two words from the Latin language, dissentlre and sentire. Kassing (2011) simplified the word dissent to an individual feeling apart. When observing dissent throughout organizations, dissent deals with a member feeling excluded from the organization. Kassing (1998, pg. 183) defined organizational dissent as expressing disagreement or contradictory opinions about the organization. Organizational dissent is the ability of the employee to question and produce feedback for policies and practices found within the
Croucher, Perrett, Zeng and Gomez (2014) identified three important factors to this definition. The first factor is dissent is something that can be expressed to another individual. The other two aspects of dissent that helps us understand the meaning is how it needs to be included in the process of one engaging in a discussion focusing on disagreement and also opposing views against the practices, policies, and procedures or operations conducted throughout the organization. These factors of dissent produce feedback that is frequently linked to conflict but many times dissent is limited to the employee to just the feeling of separation from the organization but not actually revealing those feelings (Kassing, 1997). The notion attached to dissent can be expressed throughout many
Kassing (2000) conducted a study that allowed for him to develop a hypothesis that states employees reported using more articulated dissent and less latent dissent when freedom of speech exists in the workplace. The results of Kassing’s (2000) study specify that the level or identification and involvement of the decision making process is affected by the perception the employees has of his or her organizational identification. Another Kassing (2000b) study exemplified that the quality of the relationship is impacted by how the employees decided to communicate with management and also affects what message and concerns employees will express to management. Kassing’s (2000b) study indicated that employees and managers who have high quality relationships are more likely to have personal communication and a beneficial relationship for both individuals and the organization as whole. Results of Kassing’s (2008) study showed similar results and he was able to conclude employee’s views of justice within the organization will affect the amount they communicate
A healthy flow of upward and downward communication ensures that the communications between managers and employees is complete. For example, in 2010, Kroger surveyed over 200 thousand employees in its “Associate First Tracker survey” and found the feedback both invaluable and “humbling.” Kroger then communicates the findings with their employees who participated which will then generate a new dialog in regard to what the next steps should be (Orgel, 2010). The final channel of communication is the use of horizontal communications between coworkers. This can...
(Tost, Gino & Larrick 2013) argues that “when a formal leader experiences a heightened subjective sense of power, he or she tends to dominate group discussions and interactions, which leads other team members to perceive that their views and perspectives are not valued”. This perceived imbalance definitely hampers any attempt at managing workplace conflict. When employees feel that they have no authority or empowerment they tend to be disengaged, and disengaged employees effect productivity. Low productivity can be considered a form of dissatisfaction and thus labelled a conflict that must be addressed by both employee and manager.
Workplace conflict can be caused by various factors, and can cause a great deal of stress for all those involved. We as human beings have different beliefs, and share different opinions on ideas. We also work and communicate differently, and in the different environments work, community and home that leaves room for disagreements. Conflict is often thought of as negativity, but it can enlighten the environment once resolved in the correct manner. Something as simple as difference in personalities can cause a major conflict in the workplace.
Communication, which is simply the practice of accurately imparting one’s thoughts and ideas, is the most prevalent and relevant skill in any organization, and as such, must be established prior to any other managerial actions (American Heritage, 2000). Findley and Amsler (2003) note that the vast majority of performance problems that supervis...
Work psychologists have highlighted that the concept of organisational justice is revolved around three distinct, but overlapping components; distributive, procedural and interactional justice (Ambrose & Schminke, 2007). Distributive justice pertains to the distribution of workplace outcomes and decisions, such as promotions and pay rises. Distributive justice violations occur when these decisions are unfairly dispersed due to bias or other unjustifiable circumstances. Procedural justice deals with the process that was used in order to come to these decisions. Violations of this component could occur when the steps and reasoning in which a decision was made are deemed prejudice or unfair. Lastly, interactional justice is associated with the quality in which an employee was treated throughout the decision making process. Bies and Moag (1986) detail that truthfulness, respect, propriety and sound justification are the primary elements of interactional justice and by eliminating any one of these from employee-employer communication will result in both a communication breakdown and a breach of organisational justice.
Useem states that leaders should have more personal interaction with his employees and make events as personal as possible such as a simple handshake and a brief look in the eye “Those small actions make an indelible impression.”(Useem p.76) Likewise Capelli et al. states in his article that leaders with effective communication will inspire their subordinates, he gave examples of three different companies in India showing their system of communication to resolve organizational or personal problems, such as a website where employees can post their queries and their issues will be resolved shortly. Or it can be made with eye to eye contact by meetings and u let these employees make the decisions for the company where no boarders are set on the table or o limit for the relationship between them.(Capelli p. 59). However, although Ladkin & Weber assured on the importance of communication, on the other hand they did focus more on the communication between customers and employees, as in their text customer comes first and customer satisfaction affects organizational performance, the leader in their text is the one who leads the team and makes sure they are going according to plan, he is strict boss who follows guidelines, and not so open minded about alternative views from the
First area that I would like to suggest is “Employee Voice”, because nowadays, where flexibility, creativity and innovation are key issues for company, the communication throughout the whole organization have become more essential (Buyens , and Vos, 2001). Moreover, the relationship between employer and employees of the company is weak because they lack of two way communication. Employee voice is the method that employers communicating as well as receiving and listening to communication from employee. Employee comments and feedback intended to develop organizational functioning are important to performance, it may provide effectiveness operation to the company if the top managers also no know the information from the bottom (Morrison & Milliken, 2000). Understanding employees via employee voice can help managers detect work-related problems, opportunities, and solutions, thus they can facilitate organization innovation and ready to respond unexpected circumstances (Tangirala, and Ramanujam, 2008). However, it is important for company to understand what the potentially valuable information that company should adopted (Detert, and Burris, 2007). Employee voice covers the indirect mechanisms for participation associated with formal employee relation mechanisms, such as trade unions or consultative committees, these mechanisms allow employees or their representatives to express their dissatisfactions, demands for changes, and reactions to management’s plans or initiatives. Moreover employee voice is also associated with High-performance work systems and these are a key to have strong beneficial impacts on individual and organizational performance (Wood, and Menezes, 2011). In high performance workplace with a greater voice of employee...
According to Roloff (1987), workplace conflict can be defined as “conflict that occurs when members engage in activities that are incompatible with those of colleagues within their network, members of other collectivities, or unaffiliated individuals who utilize the products or services of the organization” (p. 496). Similarly, a more recent definition by Miller and King identify conflict as basically “a disagreement between two or more individuals or groups over compatible goals” which may “involve the interference or disruption by one person or group of persons, or in some way or ways which make another action less likely to be effective.”
Conflict exists in every organization as a result of incompatible needs, goals, and objectives of two people while aligning to the overall business requirements. Though disagreement is linked with negative impact, the approach has healthy considerations (Leung, 2008). For instance, some conflicts create an avenue for the exchange of ideas and creativity to meet the set organizational purposes. However, damaging disagreement in organizations results in employee dissatisfaction, turnover, and poor services and reduced productivity. The paper establishes different types of interpersonal conflict and key resolution strategies used to address the problem. Human resource managers need to have the capacity to identify different levels of conflicts and the best methods to negate them.
Unnecessary conflict may be prevented through employee involvement and treating employees in a fair manner. Ethical employment practices, involving employees in decisions, and treating employees as valued organizational members all work towards a positive employer-employee relationship. Unfortunately, however, it sometimes becomes necessary for an outside party to help employers and employees resolve differences through processes such as mediation or arbitration. Taken together, positive engagement strategies and constructive resolution of differences help to develop relationships which support organizational performance and success.
Singleton, R., Toombs, L. A., Taneja, S., Larkin, C., & Pryor, M. G. (2011). Workplace conflict: a strategic leadership imperative. International Journal of Business and Public Administration [IJBPA], 8(1), 149+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA335188917&v=2.1&u=nie&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=14f75b25a98950f95b40393bf8b6d92e
Conflict in the workplace may periodically engage between the two, but such occurrences are believed abnormalities in a relationship that is naturally prone to be cooperative. Those holding this perspective see managers and employees as having a common interest in the survival of their organisations, such that when conflicts occur it is unlikely to manifest itself to a point that will render it insolvent. Divisions that do exist are assumed to be the product of personality disorders, inappropriate recruitment and promotion practices, the deviance of dissidents, or poor communication. To ensure such division does not impact the ‘natural order’ it is thought that the rational management team must pay careful attention to removing the sources of potential conflict. (Fox, 1966) To this end it must ensure that recruitment and promotion processes are fair and equitable, that communication systems are in place to alert employees of where their interests lie, and that deviant individuals are suppressed or dismissed. It must finally ensure that the organization is promoted amongst the workforce as the single source of authority as Trade unions are regarded as competitors for employee commitment and cooperation, interfering with managements’ right to manage (Fidler, 1981, pp.
Organisational, or workplace conflict, manifest through many different causes such as values, actual or perceived duties in opposition, different interests among those working together and beliefs. Conflict in organisations appears in many different forms. There is a collision between individuals and groups that are affected by power and formal authority. Disputes are related to how the
None of us can live with bottled up feelings. Thus, the basic need to communicate arises, so that one can express. The same logic applies at every workplace, organization or any other place. The need for communication and the ability to communicate helps in developing efficient management, organizational skills, laying down plans, establishing a healthy work culture and resolving impending issues. (srivastava, 2011)
Communication can be defined as the process through which two or more parties exchange information. To be more precise, its main purpose is to share information containing facts, assumptions, attitudes, behaviours and feelings among individuals, groups and organizations. Communication also has a high importance in building and reinforcing interdependence between all the organizational levels (Gordon, 1996). As a linkage mechanism amongst the various parts of the company, communication creates a shared understanding that motivates the employees to work towards the company’s goals (Martin & Fellenez, 2010). Beside this, it helps to coordinate tasks and activities within the organization (Gordon, 1996).