The Latin American revolution era was to end the colonial rule by Spain and Portugal over Mexico, Central America, and South America and gave independence to the nations of Latin America. This resulted in a number of independent countries. Leading to the dramatic change of a revolution or independence was a series of a combination of long building tensions in colonial rule. Creoles, or the percent of the spanish born in America, felt like Bourbon policy was a threat against their status, power, and wealth. The Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century imposed reforms that created instability with the rulers and the coloners. However there was a gradual loosening of the trade restrictions and the creoles benefited from this. As with almost all revolutions, the …show more content…
The spanish were eventually unable to trade legally with other countries as well as neutral countries. This made the creole's hungier for being able to make their own rules for their economy. In 1807, Charles IV allowed Napoleon's forces to invade Portugal. The Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleed to Brazil. He then transformed the Brazilian colony into an administration center for his empire. After Charles IV abdicated in favor of Ferdinand, his son, Napeleon had the both of them imprisoned. Napeleon then tried to destroy the Spanish independence. This started a whole crisis within Spain and its possessions. There was not much political authority becuase of the imprisonment of Ferdinand and Charles IV. In 1810 a parliament, or Cortes, came to represent Spain and Spanish America. They produced a new constitution where the Spanish possessions were not to be mere colonies anymore. However, the creoles participating in the parliament was not completely represented. The cortes could not create free trade to the Americas and denied self governing to over seas dominions, in which the Spanish Americans did not easily agree to. In 1814, Ferdinand regained the throne and attempted to reestablish
Other events during the inoculation stage of the revolutions included Napoleon invading Spain and the French maltreatment of other human beings. The Haitian revolution was due to the French ruling by threats and violence. For example, if slaves in Haiti ran away, their limbs could be cut off. In contrast, the Gran Colombian revolution was caused by Napoleon invading Spain, which led to feelings of independence in Latin America. Revolutionary ideas spread in both the Spanish and French
Slide 2- the man the Spanish monarchy chose was Christopher Columbus. Columbus is known for stumbling into America while looking for Asia.
For four hundred years Spain ruled over an immense and profitable global empire that included islands in the Caribbean, Americas, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. After the Napoleonic Wars (1808-1815) many of Spain’s colonies followed the US’s lead, fighting and winning their independence. These revolts, coupled with other nations chipping away at Spain’s interests, dwindled Spain’s former Empire. By 1860, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were what remained of Spain’s former Empire. Following the lead of other former Spanish colonies, Cuban fighters started their campaign for independence, known as the Ten year war (1868-1878). This war developed into a Cuban insurgency which fought a guerilla war against the Spanish occupation.2
Americans wanted to project their power to the entire hemisphere and the only way to exercise it is by acquiring a republic. Citizens of three countries did not fully acquire the independence they thought they were entitled to. Cuba got nominal independence because of the Platt Amendment, Puerto Rico became a territory but was not called as citizens of America, and instead they were called Puerto Ricans, while the Philippines were denied statehood.
did not have full freedom as they had to pay for land. Part of the
To expand, the European great powers took part in a tremendous race to colonize the world, and by doing so, enormous global conflicts began to take place. The revolution brought forth by the American rebels against the British created a tremendous and lasting effect on the globalizing world. Alongside the colonizing movement, originated new trade regulations, shifting alliances, and an ocean overran with commercial exploits (Bender 62). Colonies of the European superpowers, especially the thirteen American colonies, began to feel exploited, and further, were often denied the right commerce by their colonizers (Bender
For 113 days during the summer of 1898, the United States was at war with Spain. Neither the president of the United States, nor his cabinet, nor the the queen of Spain, nor her ministers wanted the war wanted the war. It happened eventhough they made their best efforts to prevent it. It happened because of ambition, miscalculation, and stupidity; and it happened because of kindness, wit, and resourcefulness. It also happened because some were indifferent to the suffering of the world’s wretched and others were not (O’Toole 17). By winning the war the United States proved the the rest of the world and to itself that it could and would fight against foreign nations. For many years, world power had been concentrated in the countries in Europe. Nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain had the most influence in global affairs. But a shift in power was gradually taking place as the United States matured. The young nation gained wealth and strength. Its population grew immensely, and many people believed it would become a major world power (Bachrach, 11) Spain was one of the many European countries that had territory in the United States. Spain controlled mostly some islands off the coast of Central America. The most important of these were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The United States was led to believe that the Spanish mosgoverned and abused the people of these islands. In fact, Spain did overtax and mistreat the Cubans, who rebelled in 1868 and again in 1895. Thus, the American people felt sympathetic toward the Cuban independence movement. In addition, Spain had frequently interfered with trade between its colonies and the United States. Even though the United States had been a trading partner with Cuba since the seventeenth century, Spain sometimes tried to completely stop their trade with Cuba. In Spain doing so, this sometimes caused damage to U.S. commercial interests. The United States highly disagreed with Spain’s right to interfere with this trade relationship. (Bachrach, 12) The United States was also concerned that other trading and commercial interests were threatened by the number of ships and soldiers Spain kept in the area. If the United States had to fight a war with Canada or Mexico, these Spanish forces could quickly mobilize against the United States.
The Creoles were a lot larger than the Peninsulares but only 12 Creoles were judges while having 87 peninsulares. The Creoles had some power because they were not at the bottom of the pyramid but the Peninsulares still overpower them. The Creoles wanted to gain power but they still wanted lower classes to be below them. "If the Creoles had one eye on their masters, they kept the other on their servants. The Creoles were intensely aware of social pressure from below, and they strove to keep the coloured people at a distance… white superiority was not unchallenged; beyond its defenses swarmed Indians, mestizos, free blacks, mulattos and slaves..." -Leslie Bethell. (Doc F). The Creoles had a conflict of gaining power but keeping lower classes behind
There were a few main points that led up to the Latin American independence movement. In, 1797 the Britain blockade of Spain took place for two years, which cut off resources and revenues for the country. In doing so, Britain had almost proved to Mexico that they could survive on their own in the New World without Spain. About 10 years later in 1808, Spain was in serious trouble with France and Napoleon Bonaparte had taken over Spain and appointed his brother King of Spain. Spain was in there own sort of disarray at this time so after proving to themselves
A very important event in Peruvian history is how Peru gained its independence from Spain. It all started with an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces were led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, Argentine patriot, General San Martin’s strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging Viceroy Pazuela that Peru be granted independence, however all negotiations proved unsuccessful. They then launched Peru’s movement toward independence. San Martin led the military campaign of 4,200 soldiers. On July 28, 1821, he proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima and said, “From this moment on, Peru is free and independent; by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!” However, Spain did not identify Peru’s independence and the conflict continued. In 1824, Simon Bolivar and his assistants assembled the army at the Lake of Junín...
by a small English army. In 1350 Edward led an English fleet against the spanish from
This created new viceroyalties and captaincies-general and natural trade routes were opened up. Humphreys stated, "The natural trade routes of the indies were opened up, where once Cádiz and Seville had enjoyed a monopoly with in a monopoly and the fleets and galleons had divided between the commerce and treasure of Mexico and Peru, step by step the ports of America and the ports of Spain were opened, the age old restrictions on inter-colonial commerce were light ended, and the tariff's and duties hampering trade revised"(R. A. Humphreys, 383). The reasons that these innovations were made were for efficiency in administration and to rehabilitate the colonial trade. It was a strategic plan where in the end there was imperial defense, protection of the empire against foreign factors, and to eliminate competition. In places like Buenos Aires, the economic life was completely altered where the exports, shipping, and even population began to rapidly
Though Martinique is not the only Caribbean island that France colonized, it is one of the few that are left under French control and therefore Martinican society is more like that of France’s than on any other Caribbean islands. This does not mean that everyone is okay with staying under French rule, though; there is a small group of nationalists, which fight and strive for independence for the island. Most of the population is contented with their autonomic place within the French Republic. Most Martinicans, while preserving French West Indian cultural identity through Creole language, music, cuisine, and mores prefer not to sever their political ties with France. Though being a department is not always positive, for the most part, Martinique and France have a mutually beneficial relationship. Martinicans, because they are considered French citizens, receive the welfare programs that France provides. This covers health care, retirement, benefits if they experience widowhood, and assistance fo...
Bartering w/ Indians replaced by more royal control & making sugar plantation economy Indian resistance/depop. import African
In the United States, the state of Louisiana has a diverse Creole population. White Creoles are the French-speaking descendants of early French or Spanish settlers. Black Creoles are generally the French-speaking Louisianians of mixed race, once constituted a separate group, but have now largely assimilated into the black Creole population. These people have their own culture and customs and even a composite language derived from the French. In Latin America the term may refer to people of direct Spanish extraction or just to members of families whose ancestry goes back to the colonial period. In the West Indies the word Creole is used to identify descendants of any European settlers. (Encarta Encyclopedia 226).