There is an extreme social gap in Brazil between the lower and upper classes involving salaries, economic resources, access to health care, and disease rates. Many of the lower socioeconomic populations are located in the North, Northeast regions of the country where unemployment rates are high. Nearly half of the workers in the Northeastern region earn less than the minimum wage, compared to four-fifths of the Southeastern workers earning more than five times the minimum wage (Martins & Momsen n.d.). The Central Intelligence Agency estimated that 21.4% of Brazilians are below the poverty level, and 4% fall into the extreme poverty level. On a more positive note, in the past 10 years, 33 million Brazilians rose above the poverty level with
the expansion of social policies and employment (Conde & Monteiro, 2014). The people in the lower socioeconomic populations are disadvantaged in relation to health care because the region they are located in has fewer resources than the other regions; education is lacking, and income is low. Studies have found that the children among this population do not start to brush their teeth until later in life, do not brush as frequently, and admit poor oral health status and dental anxiety (Pereira da Costa et al., 2015). Since oral health is extremely important at such a young age, it seems this population runs in a downward spiral that does not seem to improve. This population experiences an increase prevalence of edentulism, periodontal disease, caries, gingivitis, calculus, and tooth loss (Gaio et al., 2012). Poor oral health among these individuals eventually will affect the entire health of the body and will put them at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Poverty in America is a very complex issue that can be looked at from many directions. There are a plethora of statistics and theories about poverty in America that can be confusing and at times contradicting. It is important to objectively view statistics to gain a better understanding of poverty and to wade through the stereotypes and the haze of cultural views that can misrepresent the situation.The official poverty line in America begins with a person making at or below $12,060. To calculate the poverty line for a family, an additional $4,180 is added to the base of $12,060 for each additional member(“Federal Poverty Level Guidelines”). According to the last U.S. census, over 45 million or 14.5% of Americans are at or below the poverty line(Worstall). At this level, the U.S. poverty level has not changed much from the 1970s when the government began a “War on Poverty.” However,
The CIA’s 50-year history of smuggling drugs into America is generating hatred for the United States throughout the world. Like Pontius Pilate, CIA washes their hands of the human tragedies and the corruption of government offices. They do this by remaining and by refusing to recognize the evidence, supporting corruption. For the past 50 years, the CIA has abused its power by deliberately drugging and corrupting America; and therefore should be prosecuted.
With each class comes a certain level in financial standing, the lower class having the lowest income and the upper class having the highest income. According to Mantsios’ “Class in America” the wealthiest one percent of the American population hold thirty-four percent of the total national wealth and while this is going on nearly thirty-seven million Americans across the nation live in unrelenting poverty (Mantsios 284-6). There is a clear difference in the way that these two groups of people live, one is extreme poverty and the other extremely
The Realm of Desire and Dream: Brazil and its Self-Constructing Middle Class of the 1980s, 1990s and Today
Furthermore, Wilkinson and Pickett (2010) argue that health and social problems are worse in more unequal societies. Because of inequality, poverty, social exclusion with the underclass and their welfare dependency, life expectancy is less, mental illness and drug use is high and educational success and social mobility is limited. Data about the United States’ society also finds a correlation between lower death rates and higher incomes, a core t...
In an article entitled “Resisting and reshaping destructive development: social movements and globalizing networks”, P. Routledge describes neoliberal development, “Contemporary economic development is guided by the economic principles of neoliberalism and popularly termed ‘globalization’. The fundamental principal of this doctrine is ‘economic liberty’ for the powerful, that is that an economy must be free from the social and political ‘impediments,’ ‘fetters’, and ‘restrictions’ placed upon it by states trying to regulate in the name of the public interest. These ‘impediments’ - which include national economic regulations, social programs, and class compromises (i.e. national bargaining agreements between employers and trade unions, assuming these are allowed) - are considered barriers to the free flow of trade and capital, and the freedom of transnational corporations to exploit labor and the environment in their best interests. Hence, the doctrine argues that national economies should be deregulated (e.g. through the privatization of state enterprises) in order to promote the allocation of resources by “the market” which, in practice, means by the most powerful.” (Routledge)
The DIA started in 1958. The organizational structure of the DoD and U.S. foreign intelligence came to a new shape with the establishment of DIA. It was Robert McNamara, then Secretary of Defense, who came up with the concept of DIA in 1961. DIA gathers human source intelligence, analyzes technical intelligence, distributes intelligence/reports to the intelligence agencies, provides advice and support to the Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence, and provides military intelligence to combatant commands as its operational functions. A DIA director is supposed to be a three-star military general and DIA is believed to have employed at least 7,500 staff worldwide today. The DIA is a defense intelligence agency that prevents strategic surprises and delivers a decision advantage to warfighters, defense planners, and to policymakers. This paper will try to evaluate DIA’s role in US national security in present condition of massive budget deficits and increased congressional oversight, plus the intelligence capabilities of the Regional Combatant Commanders and the individual services like CIA and NSA.
The issue of poverty in the United States is complex, and no one root cause is sufficient to explain why, in a wealthy developed nation, such poverty should exist. However, a principal factor which may contribute to the nation’s poverty lies in problems with the U.S. labor market. According to Freeman, while the U.S. has witnessed a “substantial growth in GDP per capita” (20), only a relatively small portion of the population, the wealthiest Americans, has seen the benefits of that rise in GDP. Many poor and working class Americans do not have access to this wealth and receive little actual benefit from the nation’s increased wealth and prosperity. While productivity has increased in recent years, the gains from the nation’s economic growth has not increased the real wages and benefits for U.S. workers (Freeman 20). The U.S. labor market fails to distribute gains to low wage workers, resulting in their poverty, which in turn, puts their children at a higher risk for being in poverty themselves.
In the United States there are four social classes : the upper class, the middle class, the working class, and the lower class. Of these four classes the most inequality exists between the upper class and the lower class. This inequality can be seen in the incomes that the two classes earn. During the period 1979 through the present , the growth in income has disproportionately grown.The bottom sixty percent of the US population actually saw their real income decrease in 1990 dollars. The next 20% saw medium gains. The top twenty percent saw their income increase 18%. The wealthiest one percent saw their incomes rise drastically over 80%. As reported in the 1997 Center on Budget's analysis , the wealthiest one percent of Americans ( 2.6 million people) received as much after-tax income in 1994 as the bottom 35 percent of the population combined (88 million people). But in 1977 the bottom 35 percent had about twice as much after tax income as the top one percent. These statistics further show the disproportional income growth among the social classes. The gr...
In the Brazilian labor force, racial and gender disparities are evident. These disparities have to be addressed as the country rapidly develops as it has wide-reaching influences on many aspects of society, ranging from the individual’s occupational status and income to social mobility and perception.
The Central Intelligence Agency The CIA is one of the U.S. foreign intelligence agencies, responsible for getting and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. government. The State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the Defense Department's Defense Intelligence Agency comprise the other two. Its headquarters is in Langley, Virginia, across the Potomac River from D.C. The Agency, created in 1947 by President Harry S. Trueman, is a descendant of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) of World War 2. The OSS was dissolved in October 1945 but William J. Jonavan, the creator of the OSS, had submitted a proposal to President Roosevelt in 1944.
A brief background of Brazil, and history of the Favelas, specifically Rocinha, is necessary to understand the issue of poverty in Rocinha. Brazil is the largest country by population and area in South America. Its economy is booming, and has been on the rise since 2004. According to the Wall Street Journal, for the last 100 years Brazil has been the land of opportunity in South America, with it being the largest economy in South America, and the tenth largest economy in the world (...
McDermott, Jeremy. “US Targets Colombian Rebels as War against Terrorism Escalates.” Scottsman.com. February 10, 2002.
With a population of 200.4 million, there are close to 65 million people who have not completed primary education [3]. Brazilian children are able to access free education at all three stages (primary, secondary and tertiary) of the education system. However, there are numerous social problems that affect free education in the Brazilian community. Annually, millions of students graduate from secondary schooling without being able to write essays, solve basic mathematics etc. Some schools also involve certain rules and regulations which prevent students from failing which leads to students moving forward without having basic knowledge of the previous year. This leads to lack of general knowledge, English reading and writing skills, arithmetic skills etc. contributing to the illiterate population. Other problems in Brazil include lack of teachers, increased crime rates, school abandonment, lack of proper infrastructure (science labs) and teenage pregnancies which have affected the literacy rates of Brazil [5]. Brazil’s expenditure on education has increased over the years, (refer to Appendix 1) however the chief problem lies in the large Brazilian population. Despite its large population, basic education requirements are lacking in Brazilian students. Even after large education investments, the distribution of education wealth remains unequal. In Sao Paulo, one of the wealthiest states with a large population, the
Rosenbaum, E. (2013, August 8). A new species? The elusive nature of the global middle class. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/100949800