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Risky behaviours in teenagers
The adolescent brain article review
The adolescent brain article review
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Sex is a very taboo topic for teenagers that is met with shyness, excitement, and a surge of hormones - it is no wonder that this novel experience is one that many risk-seeking, dopamine filled teenagers are drawn towards. Looking to research for explanation, Galván's paper details a monkey behavioral study done to parallel dopamine response in adolescents. The experiment showed a resounding conclusion that repeating the same reward again and again led to the dopamine response moving earlier in time towards the cue rather than to the reward itself, seemingly in anticipation. Additionally, these dopamine responses mapped on to faster reaction times in behavior. Relating this to adolescent sexual behaviors, then, it would seem that after multiple
For instance, when you perform an activity that coincides with the brain’s biological “primary reinforcers” (have sex or eat food), these pleasure centers of the brain are flooded with a neurotransmitter known as dopamine. Simply put, when ingesting these substances, the brain is experiencing a “high” that has never been felt before, causing the user to want to repeat the experience (O’Leary, 2014).
Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, is the most common psychiatric condition effecting 9.5% of school-aged children in the United States (intuniv, 2013). If the disorder goes untreated, it will cause more long-term side effects and difficulties for the individual as an adult. Adults who have this condition face several adversities in every day life, such as impulsive behavior, low self-esteem and poor work performance. People are not aware of the complications that come with ADHD in adults. Not knowing the symptoms of the disease can cause people to not be sympathetic when they are interacting with someone with disorder.
There are many contributing factors and political issues that address substance abuse. Throughout the years, many researchers have designed many interventions and social policies designed to treat people who have used, abused, and became addicted to substances. Today, there are many new studies that address substance abuse at the individual, group, family, and community or policy levels. Today, there are many services that are effective for decreasing recidivism in youth who have completed a substance abuse program. A substance abuse treatment program or center is the best way to treat individuals who have abused substances.
In 1995 a study was conducted to see how many teenagers were sexually active or had been involved sexually in any way. The study revealed that, by the age of sixteen, 50% of teenagers in the U.S have had been involved in sexual intercourse (Oberman, 1994). There was another study that was conducted statewide surveying young girls from 8th grade to 12th grade. The survey asked about what age was the young girls when they first had sex and the age of their sexual partners. The survey excluded intercourse that was by force. Girls who were between the ages thirteen to eighteen did not have a partner that was much older than them. However younger girls between the ages of eleven to twelve said that their partners were five or more years older (Leitenberg, 2000).
Drugs seem to cause surges in dopamine neurotransmitters and other pleasure brain messengers. However, the brain quickly adapts and these circuits desensitize, which allows for withdrawal symptoms to occur (3). Drug addiction works on some of the same neurobiological mechanisms that aid in learning and memories (3). "This new view of dopamine as an aid to learning rather than a pleasure mediator may help explain why many addictive drugs, which unleash massive surges of the neurotransmitter in the brain, can drive continued use without producing pleasure-as when cocaine addicts continue to take hits long after the euphoric effects of the drug have worn off or when smokers smoke after cigarettes become distasteful." (4)
“Everything we do, every thought we’ve ever had, is produced by the human brain. But exactly how it operates remains one of the biggest unsolved mysteries, and it seems the more we probe its secrets, the more surprises we find.” Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist, said this and the statement could not be more true. According to NIMH, 23% of Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness a year. That is equivalent to 57.7 million United States citizens. What could cause those millions of people to be diagnosed with a mental disorder? There is a variety of factors that can lead to a mental illness, such as, a person’s genetic makeup or a dramatic event a person goes through in their life. However, a huge percent of the Americans that were diagnosed with a mental illness have admitted to substance abuse during adolescence. Substance abuse weakens the teenage brain and allows the brain to become open to mental illnesses. There is a variety of drugs in arms reach of teenagers that could potentially cause harm to their brain in adulthood. Several studies have shown that there is a link between drug abuse and mental illness.
Ritalin is a drug typically prescribed to children who are experiencing or showing symptoms of ADHD. ADHD is more commonly known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Symptoms of this disease are commonly lack of ability to concentrate and control, because of these symptoms a stimulant medication like Ritalin is prescribed; approximately one to two children out of every 100 is prescribed stimulant medicine (Centre, 2010.) Ritalin works to help focus the child to specific tasks instead of being unable to learn and listen. Most commonly children take this medicine whilst in school so they can pay attention and not be disruptive throughout the day. “Ritalin is manufactured by Novartis which comes in the form of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg
Physical evidence that masturbation and sexual pleasure are positive behaviors seems to be more evident now than ever before. Not only is the act arousing, but serotonin and “epinephrine [course] through your body” (Daniels), increasing one’s mood significantly. Also, many researchers argue that people who masturbate have a heightened sense of what pleases them sexually, which often leads to a better intimacy with a partner (...
Have you ever gotten a good grade on a science test? How did you feel? Happy, right? Well, that feeling you got is called dopamine. Dopamine controls the brain's reward center and gives you a good feeling. It also helps control movement and emotional responses.
As young children, ages 12 and up to 17, one should be worrying about going to sports tryouts, having bubble guts worrying if they are going to make the cheerleading team or the basketball team. They should be outside in the summer time taking in the beautiful weather with their friends. Many teenagers are starting to build relationships with the opposite sex as early as 12 or 13. With relationships come other new experiences like sexual intercourses. “Fewer than 2% of adolescents have had sex by the time they reach their 12th birthday. But adolescence is a time of rapid change. Only 16% of teens have had sex by age 15, compared with one-third of those aged 16, nearly half (48%) of those aged 17, 61% of 18-year-olds and 71% of 19-year-olds.[1]
Becoming sexually active is a normal part of development that most adolescents take part in. Adolescence is a sensitive stage where teens are trying to find themselves and fit into society. During this critical time, teenagers are becoming more involved in more intimate forms of sexual behavior at earlier ages than adolescents in the past (Sigelman & Rider 2015). There has been a rise in concern about teens becoming sexually active when they are too young because early sexual activity is associated with risky behaviors that can lead to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Sigelman & Rider 2015). Sexual behaviors can be shaped by the social and cultural contexts that surround an adolescent. This leads to the idea that parents can influence their teens sexual attitudes and behaviors. I believe permissive parenting causes sexual risk-taking in their adolescent children.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is known as the "”feel good hormone.” A neurotransmitter is a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells. Dopamine is derived from the brain and other areas of the body, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas. In relation to cognition, dopamine is a powerful brain stabilizer that regulates mood, attention span, short-term memory, and heightened awareness. High levels of dopamine released into the body can produce an intense euphoric sensation, making its release highly addicting. Once a high level of dopamine is released in the body, it can take several hours, days, or weeks before its effect wears off. It is believed that high levels of dopamine help promote stronger bonds to a person, place, or thing.
Zhang, S., Liu, Y., & Rao, Y. (2013). Serotonin signaling in the brain of adult female mice is required for sexual preference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(24), 9968-9973.
Humans are environmentally and genetically predisposed to developing a motivated addictive behavior. Addiction is a brain disease and a behavior. All behaviors are choices. Choices that adolescences make at a young age directly affect the outcomes of their futures. Many factors contribute to an adolescence becoming an addict or exhibiting a drug seeking behavior. Nearly all drugs of abuse increase dopamine release. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in drug abuse and addiction. Dopamine plays a role in reward motivated behaviors, motor control and important hormones. It’s known as the “feel good hormone” which is why people abuse drugs that increase the release of dopamine. Since life is unpredictable, our brains have evolved the ability to remodel themselves in response to our experiences. The more we practice an activity the more neurons developed in order to fine-tune that activity causing addictive behaviors to be detrimental.
Manfredi, L. "Sexual Urge among teenagers". SeXis Magazine. New York: copyright 2009 SeXis Magazine Corporation, 4 May 2009. Page4. Print.