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Causes of maternal mortality
Sudden infant death syndrome research paper
Sudden infant death syndrome research paper
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Jennifer Holcomb knew the dangers of co-sleeping (McKean, 2014). Her sixteen day old son, John Martin awoke and craving the extra sleep new parents often miss out on, she put him back to sleep in the bed with her and her husband, thinking that she had left enough room for him (McKean, 2014). Instead, her husband awoke an hour later and found John Marting deceased, leaving them both full of heartache and grief (McKean, 2014). Sadly, her story is one of many. In the United States, there is approximately two-thousand three hundred cases a year (SID Network of Ohio, 2013). By understanding the risk factors and causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, parents and caregivers can use that information to reduce the infant mortality rate dramatically. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, more commonly known as SIDS is the unexplained, unexpected death of an infant under a year old that appears healthy (CDC, …show more content…
Many parents who use side or stomach sleeping may be worried about this. It is extremely rare and research has shown that if something is coughed up, a healthy infant can cough it up or swallow it (Web MD, 2014). This concern is not a valid reason for laying an infant on the side or stomach. By easing this worry of parents, they will be more likely to use the proper back sleeping position.
Maintaining the mother's health during pregnancy is also beneficial in preventing SIDS. SIDS cases increase with mothers who used drugs, drank or smoked during pregnancy (Kids Health, 2014). Receiving inadequate healthcare during pregnancy has also been identified as a risk factor (Kids Health, 2014). There is also an increase in mother's that give birth before age twenty (Kids Health, 2014). Mother's especially young mothers, should be aware of how important good health is to the unborn baby because it has a direct impact on the health of the baby after
Uebel, P. (1999). A case study of antenatal distress and consequent neonatal respiratory distress. Neonatal Network. 18 (5). 67-70
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems a newborn experiences when exposed to addictive drugs that the mother consumes during pregnancy. NAS is a growing concern in the United States and can have significant adverse effects on newborns. Shortly after birth, the infant can display many physical symptoms of withdrawal. In addition, substance abuse during pregnancy can cause premature birth, low birth weight, seizures, birth defects, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and possible long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. The 2010 results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings reported incidence of substance abuse among pregnant women within the United States....
All parents have different opinions about allowing their children to sleep in their beds with them. Some will be surprised to find out that it is not only in certain cultures that parents and children sleep together at night in the same bedroom or even in the same bed, but it happens everywhere. Some families keep it a secret for fear other parents will frown on their habits, but it is truly a common practice. In fact, the National Sleep Foundation reports that about 24% of parents let their children sleep with them for at least some part of the night.
Drug and alcohol use in pregnancy poses a threat to the neonate’s development and the obstetric provider has an obligation to screen for substance use. Substance use in pregnancy can place the developing fetus at risk for in-utero opioid dependence, fetal-alcohol syndrome, preterm labor, and other consequences of maternal alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use.(6) Within the past three years La Crosse County has seen a marked increase in the amount of heroin use.(7)
In 1969, researchers agreed to define SIDS as “the sudden death of an infant or young child, which is unexpected by history, and in which a thorough postmortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death” (Bergman, 1970).
Babies are biologically made to stay close to their mothers! They are predesigned to survive, grow, and thrive on human milk. Infants are also born with very tiny tummies that require frequent feedings. All of these needs are much easier to attend to if the baby is sleeping next to his mother. Also, from an evolutionary perspective, across all mammals, humans are born very helpless and mature slowly.
As a first world country American infants should have a seemingly better start at life than many other countries. In recent decades America has made a strident effort in the progress towards lower Infant mortality rates resulting in a decline from 12.1-6.2 ( ). However, there is a concerning disparity between white American babies and black American babies in terms of infant mortality. The current Infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic white women is 5.11 deaths per 1,000 births. For Non-Hispanic black women the rate is 11.42 deaths per 1,000 births.. A high rate of infant mortality is seen equally in African Americans across the strata of the racial group showing no prejudice to SES, education, and other intrinsic factors such as education or access to health care. African American infant mortality rates are a severe social disparity in modern America as compared to other minority and non-minority groups regardless of SES, educational status, and age. This alarmingly oppositional data is both puzzling and startling to public health professionals and doctors alike as they attempt to determine a direct cause for such a devastating disparity
According to Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, “In the United States, nearly thirteen percent of babies are born preterm, and many of these babies also have a low birth weight.” The baby may be put into the NICU for varies reasons. However, the most common reason that a child is put into the NICU is because he or she is premature. Premature means the baby was born before the 36 weeks. It is never good for a baby to be born early, as this could mean that the baby is not fully developed. There are other factors as to why a child may need to be put into the NICU after birth. For instance, birth defects can be the cause of why a baby is put into the NICU. A baby may be born with an infection such as herpes or chlamydia which can damage the newborns immune system at such a young age. Low blood sugar or hypoglycemia can also cause an infant to be put into the NICU. Some maternal factors of why a baby may be put into the NICU is if the mother is “younger than 16 or older than 40.” If the parent may be an alcoholic or expose the baby to drugs, this can put the child into NICU care. If the parent has an STD or sexual transmitted disease, the baby is most likely going to have to be put into the intensive care unit. “Twins, triplets, and other multiples are often admitted into the NICU, as they tend to be born earlier and s...
In conclusion, the harmful effects of medications, alcohol and illicit drugs can be very dangerous to the health and development of a fetus during pregnancy. It is important to educate new mothers on the adverse effects that are associated with the use of these substances. With the right counselling and information provided, we can continue to keep newborns safe in the womb and be able to give them a chance at a healthy and painless future.
Co-sleeping is an issue that is vital on different traditional and cultural influences. Due to modifications in socio-economic status, social ethics and values, there are variations of cultures amongst countries and regions viewing on co-sleeping (Huang & Wang, pg. 170). For example, in the United Kingdom, United States, Germany and several other industrialized countries, the predominant medical belief is that co-sleeping is to be depressed and discouraged, despite the lack of research that can validate and establish that co-sleeping is mostly dangerous, unsafe, and hazardous (Huang & Wang, pg. 170).
Throughout the world, for centuries, parents and infants have engage in many different sleeping arrangements. In the Western World solitary sleeping is strongly encouraged by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Solitary sleeping, or sleeping in separate rooms and separate beds, is said to promote the infants independence and reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The AAP has even issued multiple warnings on the dangers of shared sleeping arrangements, citing concerns regarding the safety, wellbeing, and the independence of the child. While the health and safety of an infant is the top priority for all the Western idea of solitary sleeping does not consider the different cultural beliefs of others. Therefore, despite
The article relates to me because my child had a hard time falling asleep and woke up numerous times during the night. This started from the day she was born till almost the age of 4. Many days it was hard to function because of fatigue and stress. The simplest task of putting your child to sleep became the most dreaded time of the day. Even though you wanted them to sleep so badly, so you could also sleep, it was an exhausting exercise that seemed to take hours. I hope this article makes people aware of the affect your child’s sleep has on yourself and find treatment. I also hope this article creates more treatment options for children with sleep disruptions.
That is indeed a good enough reason to keep them tucked safe in their own bed but some may argue that if you do not allow the child the chance to
Most women have heard that smoking is very deadly to the human body and can cause cancer, heart disease, and other major health problems, yet it is still an ongoing problem. Around the world, about 250 million women use tobacco every day and this number is increasing rapidly, according to data presented at the 2009 14th World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Mumbai (March of Dimes , 2011). Not only do women smoke, some choose to continue to smoke while pregnant. Smoking during pregnancy is a worldwide problem, although it is more common in developed countries such as the US, where an estimated 18 percent of pregnant women smoke. In developing countries, it 's estimated that only 8 percent of expectant mothers smoke. These percentages may sound low, but together they equal up to one million babies born worldwide each year to mothers who smoked while pregnant (Smoking during Pregnancy , 2009) . One study found that about one in four women who smoked while pregnant deny it. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of birth complications and has long-term developmental consequences for child development, including deficits in general intelligence, academic skills, and cognitive functioning. As social inequalities in smoking have increased over time, maternal smoking during pregnancy has become concentrated among women with lower levels of education (e.g., more than 20% among women without a high school degree) (Gilman, Breslau, Subramanian, Hitsman, & Koenen, 2008). Despite the warnings about the dangers of smoking while pregnant, some women still choose to smoke which places themselves and their baby at risk for many health issues.
Child development can be negatively influenced by risk factors, including hereditary and environmental factors. Some pre-natal environment factors related to mothers during pregnancy include: nutritional deficiencies, diabetic mother, drug and alcohol use, and more. Some post-natal environment factors include: socio-economic status of the family, child’s nutrition, family structure, child’s emotions, and more. Malnutrition, maternal depression, and maternal substance abuse are three of these factors which have received particular attention by researchers, however, many more factors have been