Executive Summary
The current study illustrates about the important roles and the applications of bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics in biotechnology. The study clearly describes that bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics play significant roles in drug discovery and designing, agriculture, developing personalized medicines, biomarkers and in many other areas which will be highly useful in the present and also for the future generations of living organisms. Finally, the study also highlights on some points of recent studies on bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics by other researchers that have been conducted and their future capabilities are also clearly mentioned.
1. Introduction
Biotechnology can be generally stated as the discipline that utilizes living organisms or its products for profitable reasons. It is not just an individual technology but rather it is a combination of technologies which contributes to two general characteristics which are operating with the living cells and their molecules and possessing a variety of practical uses which can enhance our lives (Dunnill P., 1981).
2. Definition of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is a discipline which is a mixture of molecular biology and computer sciences. In this field the computers are utilized to assemble, accumulate, analyse and incorporate biological and the genetic information of living organisms. The necessity for bioinformatics came during the project to find out the sequence of the whole genome of the human was started (Chris S., 2003). This project was known to be as “Human Genome Project”. This subject is considered to be as very significant for the utilization of genetic information to know about the human diseases and to recognize a novel approaches f...
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...gration towards normal recipient cells occurs.
5. Conclusion
From the study it can be concluded that the methodologies involved in the bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have lots of applications in biotechnology and the techniques which are involved in these fields can be used to discover novel drugs, understand the functions of genes which cause cancer so that to develop therapeutic drugs in the future and furthermore, from the study it has been known that with the improvement of the technologies related to these fields many challenges like developing a precise medicine for prostate cancer and effective prediction of 3D protein structure can be addressed clearly. The information from the study clearly describes that bioinformatics, proteomics and genomics have great potentials currently as well as in the future if they are enhanced in the appropriate manner.
It helps medics to find a direct genetic cause of the patient’s condition and target it with pharmaceutical or other therapies. The technology is used for the identification of DNA sequences that increase risks of current diseases and disorders; with this information carriers can start to make efforts to prevent them before the development of the problem. The video mentioned 200 actionable genes, structures that have direct links with a specific condition. Knowing about their presence, people have a chance to bring in preventive measures like taking anticoagulants in the case of identification of a thrombogenic gene. The technology led to the significant improvement of diagnostics and personalized treatments. It helped to find a rare, life-threatening mutation in case of Beery twins and assign a drug to a girl (Alexis) that returned her to a normal life. In the case of cancer genome sequencing led to the development of genetic drags, which target essential tumor genes and make malign structures to shrink. The video mentioned a product that works with the BRАF protein that induces cells to uncontrolled division; the drug led to the remission in the patient with metastasizing melanoma. Such treatment was effective in the case of cystic fibrosis. In the case of the breast cancer the technology helps to evaluate the aggressiveness of the condition and make a personalized decision about chemotherapy. The video also mentioned the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis – an early-staged technology that prevents the development of inherited disorders in
Proteogenomics is a kind of science field that includes proteomics and genomics. Proteomic consists of protein sequence information and genomic consists of genome sequence information. It is used to annotate whole genome and protein coding genes. Proteomic data provides genome analysis by showing genome annotation and using of peptides that is gained from expressed proteins and it can be used to correct coding regions.Identities of protein coding regions in terms of function and sequence is more important than nucleotide sequences because protein coding genes have more function in a cell than other nucleotide sequences. Genome annotation process includes all experimental and computational stages.These stages can be identification of a gene ,function and structure of a gene and coding region locations.To carry out these processes, ab initio gene prediction methods can be used to predict exon and splice sites. Annotation of protein coding genes is very time consuming process ,therefore gene prediction methods are used for genome annotations. Some web site programs provides these genome annotations such as NCBI and Ensembl. These tools shows sequenced genomes and gives more accurate gene annotations. However, these tools may not explain the presence of a protein. Main idea of proteogenomic methods is to identify peptides in samples by using these tools and also with the help of mass spectrometry.Mass spectrometry searches translation of genome sequences rather than protein database searching. This method also annotate protein protein interactions.MS/MS data searching against translation of genome can determine and identify peptide sequences.Thus genome data can be understood by using genomic and transcriptomic information with this proteogenomic methods and tools. Many of proteomic information can be achieved by gene prediction algorithms, cDNA sequences and comparative genomics. Large proteomic datasets can be gained by peptide mass spectrophotometry for proteogenomics because it uses proteomic data to annotate genome. If there is genome sequence data for an organism or closely related genomes are present,proteogenomic tools can be used. Gained proteogenomic data provides comparing of these data between many related species and shows homology relationships among many species proteins to make annotations with high accuracy.From these studies, proteogenomic data demonstrates frame shifts regions, gene start sites and exon and intron boundaries , alternative splicing sites and its detection , proteolytic sites that is found in proteins, prediction of genes and post translational modification sites for protein.
In 1990, the first great stride of genetics took place. This was called the Human Genome Project, a large-scale operation that was designed to understand the human genome (genetic structure). Since its commencement, there have been many leaps and bounds that have taken place. For certain genetic issues that we once knew nothing about, we no...
The ubiquitous and incalculable benefits of biotechnology as a whole and the specific issues involved in Gattaca successfully mute the alarmist calls for moratoriums and bans on these technological breakthroughs. With utmost caution and consideration these studies will ultimately lead humanity to limitless heights.
3- Collins, Francis S., et al. "New Goals for the U.S Human Genome Project: 1998-2003." Science. 23 Oct. 1998: 682-689.
In this field, specialists go through thorough efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism and map out its genetics. With this information, scientists are able to study the genes that are involved in diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart diseases and possibly find a way to alter them so that those types of serious diseases may be avoidable for future generations. Fred Sanger was the first man to originate Genomics. When he sequenced the genomes of a virus and of a mitochondrial, he and his group established different genomic techniques for sequencing between 1970 and 1980. From 1970 until now Genomics has grown into The Genomic Science Programme, which falls under The Human Genome Project and is led by the National Human Genome Research Institute in America.
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
It address the questions that are at the center of the medical field, such as what it means to be human, the role of technology in health care, and the boundaries of treatments involving advances in technology. Although human enhancement appears to have several positive affects, the negative affects are also great in number. Neither can be overlooked since this technology has the power to not only improve humanity, but also bring it to an all time low. By considering the factors that play into the outcomes of biotechnology, it is possible to answer the pressing questions at hand and to determine the circumstances in which biotechnology could result in beneficial
More than 45 million chemical compounds are known and the number may increase in million every year, without cheminformatics, the access of these huge amounts of information is very difficult.
DNA sequence was the core of genomic research until the emergence of epigenomics where it has been discovered that the surrounding chemical compounds can direct the way the genome functions as a whole.
Scientist everyday are getting more in depth when considering genetics and genomics. Many individuals define genetics and genomics in the same manner. However, there are numerous differences between the two terms. Genetics is the study of the general mechanisms of heredity and the variation of inherited traits. On the other hand, genomics is the study of the function of all the nucleotide sequences present within the entire genome of a species, including genes in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) coding regions and in DNA noncoding regions. In other words, genetics is shown to deal with the mechanisms of heredity while genomics deals with the actual nucleotide sequence. According to the National Human Genome Research Institution, in the past
Biotechnology is a group of technologies that work together with living cells and their molecules to prolong life (Keener and Hoban et al., 2014). Today biotechnology can be used in a variety of ways such as in an industrial setting where they use it to create enzymes to synthesize chemicals, in an environmental setting where they use it for waste and pollution prevention and lastly it can be used in medical applications such as in pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting and lastly it can be used in stem cell therapy (Keener and Hoban et al., 2014). Everyone in today’s society depends on and uses biotechnology in one form or another, biotechnology is essential for our health and wellbeing. Vaccines are also manufactured using biotechnology which consist of three main ways, it aids scientists to separate pure antigen using specific monoclonal antibody, aids in synthesis of an antigen with the help of a cloned gene and lastly it also aids in the synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines (Alam 2014). A vaccine can protect you from specific diseases that can make you sick or even kill you.
The myriad mysteries of science can be unraveled by the emerging technologies including Biotechnology. Science has always been my interest and forte thus, the choice of Biotechnology as my academic option was the ideal decision. I had prepared for the highly competitive entrance exam AIET to get admission into the integrated Masters Degree in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at Dr. D.Y. Patil University and secured 87th all over India rank and was proud to gain admission to this venerated university. The academic curriculum has introduced me to amazing subjects like ‘Microbiology’, ‘Molecular Biology’, ‘Biochemistry’, ‘Genetics’ and ‘Industrial Biotechnology’. Although many seminal biological events have been explained in theory during the past century, the technology to harness their potential for benefiting humankind has only been possible during the past few decades. This is testament to the great improvements in biotechnologies and I am glad to be a part of this grand scientific experience.
Biotechnology helps in protecting the environment,It provides crops with protection from viruses and insects by reducing the number of pesticid...
Since school days the terms like cell, genes, DNA, protein intrigued me a lot and helped me in realizing the dream of pursuing a career in Biotechnology field that has been making many remarkable achievements. The passion towards biological sciences made me to take B.TECH in Biotechnology in Dr. M.G.R. University.