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Importance of community development
Critiques on community development
Importance of community development
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Following Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s (1998) theoretical model, communities of practice (social capital) are defined in terms of three distinct dimensions: comprised structural, relational, and cognitive. Among the most important facets of the structural dimension is the presence or absence of social interaction ties between actors (Scott, J. 1991). Among the most key facets of the relational dimension are trust (Cohen, D. & Prusak 2001), norm of reciprocity (Putnam 2000), and identification (Nahapiet & Ghoshal 1998). Among the most key facets of the cognitive dimension is shared vision (Cohen, D. & Prusak 2001; Tsai & Ghoshal 1998).
• Social interaction ties
Tsai and Ghoshal (1998) conceptualise social interaction ties (network ties) as channels for information and resource flows. Granovetter (1973) describes network tie strength as a combination of the amount of time, the emotional intensity, and intimacy (mutual confiding), and the reciprocal services that characterise the network tie. In this study, social interaction ties represent the strength of the relationships, and the amount of time spent, and communication frequency among members of community. Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998, p. 252) argue that “the fundamental proposition of the Social Capital Theory is that network ties provide access to resources”.
Larson (1992) and Van de Ven (1986) note that the more social interactions undertaken by exchange partners, the greater the intensity, frequency, and breadth of knowledge exchanged. Knowledge is important in providing a basis for action but is costly to obtain. The social interaction ties among members of a community allow a cost-effective way of accessing a wider range of knowledge sources. Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998...
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...shared vision embodies the collective goals and aspirations of the members of an organization. A shared vision is viewed as a bonding mechanism that helps different parts of an organization to integrate or to combine resources. Organisation members who share a vision will be more likely to become partners sharing or exchanging their resource (Tsai & Ghoshal 1998).
Communities are groups of people brought together by common interest and goals. Cohen and Prusak (2001) argue that shared values and goals bind the members of human networks and communities, make cooperative action possible, and finally benefit organizations. The common goals, interests, visions that members of a community share will help them see the meaning of their knowledge management. Thus, the hypothesis is:
H3f: The more that individuals shared vision, the greater will be their KM activities.
Wenger, E. (2000) Communities of Practice and Social Learning Systems. Organization Articles. 7 (2), p225-246
Community is like a Venn diagram. It is all about relations between a finite group of people or things. People have their own circles and, sometimes, these circles overlap one another. These interceptions are interests, common attitudes and goals that we share together. These interceptions bond us together as a community, as a Venn diagram. A good community needs good communication where people speak and listen to each other openly and honestly. It needs ti...
As put by Jen Waak in regarding the human need for community, “By surrounding yourself with others working toward a similar goal, you’ll get...yourself a bit further than you would have done on your own,” (Waak). By being able to see and participate in these different communities centered around different objectives, the goal becomes easier to achieve and bonds the group into something more through trying to reach it. This new unit is called a discourse community and is defined by John Swales as containing six specific characteristics: having a common goal, showing intercommunication and using lexis, having participation within the group, being defined by genres of texts, and having members with areas of expertise for the community. When looking
To fully understand why social, economic, and cultural capital could lead to success or failure, it is essential to know the difference between the three. Social capital is defined by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development as “the links, shared values, and understandings in society that enable individuals and groups to trust each other and to work together” (OECD, 2015). Social capital can be multiple things including family members, colleagues, and strangers who have the
Social capital is about the worth of social networks, bonding similar people and bridging between diverse people, with norms of reciprocity. (Jenkins, 2002). The existence of a network or connections is necessary in order to maintain useful relationships that can provide material or symbolic profits.
Having and transmitting a successful "shared vision" requires true "buy-in" on the part of the employees and the organization as a whole, and must foster genuine commitment and active enrollment in order to bring that organizational vision to a personal level. For shared vision to become a product of personal vision, each individual must "feel it", and be able to see how this vision can be articulated to promote the long-term interests of the company's success, and position in the larger scheme of things. This road to the end result is usually not mapped out or even guaranteed, and the creative tension this inspires, through personal commitment and dedication, is the fire it produces form it's visionary fuel.
Social exchange theory starts with the proposition that social behavior is based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs. A basic belief is that social relationships occur in a social marketplace in which people give in order to get. Persons with greater resources in a social exchange hold unacknowledged power over the others in the exchange (Hutchison, 2008, p. 46). Social exchange ...
According to me, the claim that shared knowledge is better than personal knowledge does hold true for majority of the time because no matter how smart one person is, a group of people would always have more knowledge to contribute than one person would. Since shared knowledge is possessed by many peopl...
Social capital is the is the social connections that allow for social interactions in which an individual has opportunities to build bonds, help others out, and affect change for the better. When the social engagement is reciprocated, it can produce benefits for the multiple individuals engaged in the activity and so further the circumstance of the society.
Social capital, however, inheres in the structure of their relationships. Thus to possess social capital, a person must be related to others and it is those others, not himself, who are the actual source of advantage. In order to address this question I will firstly compare and contrast the definitions of social capital... ... middle of paper ... ... how this situation can be improved.
Also, the ties that we have with other are important to us because it influence the support that we have. Meanwhile I like how the author give good detail to support his evidence. In this case, the article gave me a good understanding about ties and how it affects different groups of people in the society. I agree with the point about people of different races having smaller networks.
To fully understand the Social Exchange theory is to understand its concept. The Social Exchange theory, as stated by Unger and Johns...
Along with this subjects were required to draw themselves in relation to these networks using distances to describe how close they were to the specific group (Kaz'mina et al., 1998). Following this, they completed a questionnaire regarding their networks, used to describe each member. The illustrations were later analyzed and described to find that those who depicted themselves closer to their social networks, were less symptomatic when interviewed for a follow-up one year later (Kaz'mina et al., 1998). In relation to Nash, these results point out that by attempting to regain a social network by working out of the library at the university and teaching again, he was able to gain stronger community bonds, and reduce his
Communal relationships have been found to function through the needs of others and by the relationships of family and close friends, communal relationships are illustrated. It can be asumed that "as a friendship develops, the basis of exchange might become more communal" (347). Altman and Taylor's social penetration theory is heavily drawn from Thibaut and Kelly's theory of social exchange. Altman and Taylor believe that the nature of social exchange can foretell when people will self-disclose, as hypothesized by social penetration. The social exchange theory shows: People desire to maximize their outcomes (the end result of what is happe...
Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. World Bank, Jan 1999.