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Importance of memory in psychology
Importance of memory in psychology
Importance of memory in psychology
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In a brief video created by Samford University, psychology professor Stephen Chew speaks to his viewers about effective ways to study in college and what students should know about the way people learn. Chew starts off by referring to a psychology experiment conducted by Thomas Hyde and James Jenkins from 1969. Hyde and Jenkings carried out a study that consisted of 5 groups who were asked to memorize a list of twenty four words. Groups one and two were in the intentional condition, meaning that they knew ahead of time that they would be asked to recall the list of words later on. Groups three and four were in the incidental condition, meaning that they did not know they would have to recall the words. Group one (intentional) and group three
The experiment began with Milgram placing an advertisement in the local newspaper to recruit volunteers for his experiment. The experiment began with the introduction of the other participant, the other participant being an ally of Milgram’s. Afterwards, each participant would draw straws to decide which role they would take up, the “teacher” or the “learner.” However, the decision was always fixed so that the participant would always end up being the teacher. The learner would then be strapped to an electric chair by the teacher and would have a list of words read to him to be
Dr. Stanley Sue is an Asian American clinical psychologist whose research focus is on Asian American minorities. Dr. Sue was born in Portland, Oregon and was the third of six children to his Chinese immigrant parents. As a child “his first career ambition was to repair televisions, but soon he got bored with shop classes. Then, he developed great fascination with psychotherapy and the idea of helping emotionally disturbed individuals (Rockwell 2001).” Dr. Sue recalled, “I told my parents that I wanted to become a clinical psychologist, not fully knowing what a clinical psychologists did (Rockwell 2001).” He also remembered what his father said and thought after making this declaration: “My father, who was born in China, said, ‘What is that?’ He couldn’t believe that people would pay me to listen to their problems – indeed, he wondered if I could make a decent living (Rockwell 2001).”
Nick Jans suggests that McCandless was either mentally ill or suicidal, however, this does not seem to be the case. Jans observations gives very good points, but they are not in the correct perspective. McCandless did not die because he disrespected the very land he purported to love.
For my book talk assignment I read a realistic fiction novel named “Monster” by Walter Dean Myers.
Mitchell Stephens plays on our emotions in so many different ways in this novel. At first Stephens comes in almost like a hero, trying to find justice for these hurting people in the small town of. Stephens causes our perspective to change with his statement that “ there are no accidents. I don’t even know what the word means, and I never trust anyone who says he does.” “Someone must be to blame.”
Bernstein and Loftus start off describing the first approach, which is Focusing on group of memories. This first study consists of subjects studying a list of items like words, nonsense syllables, pictures, tones, etc. (Loftus, Bernstein, p.370, 2009). Subjects will then try to recall what they studied or try to recognize which items were presented. These two are called recall test and recognition test. In these studies scientists tend to manipulate the information in different ways. The subjects in these kind of experiments, typically falsely remembered recent memory. Cognitive scientists have turned to neuroscience in hopes of learning what the brain can reveal about memory and cognition (Loftus, Bernstein, p.371, 2009).
...all, the lack of general knowledge of the non-words made the experiment a cumbersome process, especially during the experiment’s incipient stage. However, the process was worthwhile as I experienced firsthand the dissociation of learning and memory.
What would happen if there was not the structure and social rules preventing people from acting on the unconscious parts of thought? I think the experiment suggests that we have the capability and do in fact think of all these possible actions to take, without knowing about it until the thought takes hold and we are compelled to take action (or not act).
In the article, “The Critical Importance of Retrieval For Learning” the researchers were studying human learning and memory by presenting people with information to be learned in a study period and testing them on the information that they were told to learn in order to see what they were able to retain. They also pointed out that retrieval of information in a test, is considered a neutral event because it does not produce learning. Researchers were trying to find a correlation between the speed of something being learned and the rate at which it is forgotten
Slater, Lauren. Opening Skinner's box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century. New York: W.W. Norton, 2004. Print.
Coon, D. & Mitterer, J. (2013) Introduction to Psychology Belmont CA. : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved May 07, 2014
Research has shown that even though information may be committed to memory, what is retrieved can be altered during the encoding process. It has been said that, “the recollection of memory can be manipulated and or large aspects of the event can be confabulated.” (Cain,1997). Moreover, the recollection of past experiences can negatively affect future decisions, opinions, and more significant outcomes such as an eyewitness. This type of impact is due to something called, “false memories.” False memories can be defined as “an recollection of an event that never actually occurred.” False memories are said to be normal occurrences and have little impact on lives. However, Loftus and Palmer argue something different. In 1974, Loftus and Palmer conducted an experiment to test out the theory behind “false memories.” Their aim was to show that language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. People in this experiment were asked to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different ways of questioning. Loftus and Palmer asked questions in regards to vehicle speed because typically that is something that most people are bad at estimating. Therefore these people would be more vulnerable and open to suggestions. The procedure of this experiment involved participants watching a video of cars. Participants were asked what they had seen in regards to how that car came in contact with the other car. Loftus and Palmer used words like “crashed, collided, hit, and smashed.” Their findings concluded that the estimated speed was affected by the verb used to describe the cars’ contact with one another. It seem as if participants saw that the verbs as clues of the speed the cars were going. Loftus and Palmer also came to the conclusion that there could only be two reasons for their findings. Those reasons were Response- bias factors or the fact that the memory representation is alter.
Why could we say that Donders and Ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology? Describe Donder’s experiment and rationale behind it, and Ebbinghaus’s memory experiments. What do Donders’s and Ebbinghaus’s experiments have in common?(2)
In the Power of Good Intentions media report, there is a brief description of all experiments summarized into short paragraphs with each stating the important key words in each. Each of the three experiments is described to make the author who is reading about the study actually understand what the experimenter perceives to encounter by conducting
For instance, when the author mentioned the Mischel study as well as the story about Phineas Gage, who was a railroad worker who had a traumatic accident where an iron rod passed through his front of his head damaging his frontal lobe.Another connection I made was the sentence where he says “Information about punishment and reward is vital to making sound decisions”.Which is something that makes complete sense because in the Psychology 102 study guide on page 57 Classical Conditioning which “occurs mostly with emotional responses: fear,delight,and disgust”. Also on page 57, Oparent Conditioning which has four variations ; Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement , punishment, and negative punishment each of which was used in the marshmallow study. Something that I have learned that goes against the author 's ideas is that Operant conditioning is the learning the consequences of one 's behavior, but he does not develop the idea if the person who 's going through