The article I chose, written in its proper format was Ling-Juan Zhang. 2 January 2015. Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Science 347:67-71. The other authors include Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez. Tissa Hata, Sagar P. Bapat, Raul Ramos, Maskim V. Plikus, Richard L. Gallo. Ling-Juan Zhang, PhD was a Post Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and was affiliated with Oregon State University. However, this article was published under the Division of Dermatology at the University of California, San Diego, CA. To me, this article is trustworthy because it was published in Science Magazine, which is the “World’s leading journal of original scientific research, global news, and …show more content…
Latent M. tuberculosis Infection can live in the human body without making the individual sick or have any symptoms. The body’s natural defense system is able to fight off the infection and make the individual unable to spread the bacteria to others. However, if it gets into the body and the bacteria is activated, the individual will then go from having a bacterial infection to M. tuberculosis disease. S. aureus can too inhibit the human body without causing an infection in the person. It can also cause other diseases and cause more damage to the body and immune system. The research conducted showed that the increase in the fat cells in mice (the subjects that were tested) called adipocytes are essential in fighting or defending against skin infection (S.aureus) because they produce an AMP (antimicrobial peptides) (Zhang, 2015) that can kill bacteria directly. Dermal cells taken from S.aureus showed a larger adipogenic potential compared the cells of those that were not infected. The infection causes an increase of cells within the dermis. The dermis is a connective tissue that protects the body from outside or inner
State the title of the article, the name of the publication in which it appeared and the date of publication.
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) is a slender, rod-shaped, aerobic bacillus which causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborn infection which is transmitted via inhaling droplet nuclei circulating in the air. These droplets are expelled from the respiratory secretion of people who have active TB through coughing, sneezing, and talking (Porth, 2011). Some bacilli stay in the upper airway and are swept out by mucus-secreting goblet cells and cilia on the surface of the airway. Others will escape from this protective mechanism to travel and settle down at alveoli (Porth, 2011). Local inflammatory reaction occurs and macrophages are cells that act as next line defense mechanism to fight with mycobacteria. First they engulf micobacteria, try to reduce their strength and ability, and kill them. In the same way they send antigen to helper T lymphocytes to initiate a cell-mediated immune response (Knechel, 2009). The infected macrophages will send produced cytokines and enzymes to breakdown mycobacteria’s protein. It is the released cytokines that attract T ly...
April 22, 2005--I had a long week so I decided I should write about it on my web journal. After having several papers, quizzes, and having to work 40 hours I have been feeling a little under the weather. However, I mostly assume it has been from the lack of sleep I have been getting. But no worries, since I intend on making it up during the weekend. But tonight I have decided to party it up and go to my friend's apartment. Till then I'll just take some aspirin and lay down till I go out. I'm sure I will be fine by then.
Even though S. aureus is mainly associated with food poisoning, the bacterium can penetrate the skin or other mucous membranes to invade a range of tissues which will cause a variety of infections. Superficial infection of the skin can cause boils, impetigo, styes (infection of the glands or hair follicles of the eyelids), folliculitis, and furnacles. All of these infections are charac...
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in which bacteria may invade many parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, and the spine. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod shaped, aerobic bacterium that is resistant to destruction and can persist in necrotic and calcified lesion for prolonged periods and remain capable of reinstating growth (Porth, 2011). However, the most common target is the lungs (Wouk, 2010). The Tuberculosis bacteria severely damage the lungs that it is difficult for a person to breathe. According to Wouk, there are two main types of Tuberculosis. The first type is latent, which means a person carries the tuberculosis germ, but he or she is not sick and can not pass the germ on to the other person, and the other type is active tuberculosis.
Janssens, Cecile. "How FDA and 23andMe Dance Around Evidence That Is Not There." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.
The human body contains countless amount of defense from the ever so present dangerous pathogens found in its surroundings. If any of these pathogens is successful in entering the body, the body must them perform a series of responses in order to kill or eradicate the issue.
Infection control, a term that describes procedures taken to reduce the spread of infection. The dental office is a place where many people are treated including patients with infectious disease such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and many other highly contagious diseases. It is imperative that in any dental office setting the prevention of the spreading microorganisms from patient to patient, patient to staff, or staff to patient is done in high precaution. Infection control has two main objectives; to protect the patients from harmful pathogens as well as dental team members. Infections can cause or add pain, deteriorate a persons health, and in worst cases even result in death. In order to understand the infection control in a dental facility, you must understand the standard precautions required by organizations that regulate or recommend infection control, the kinds of preventive measures taken, as well as when these measures should be taken.
Tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person through airborne droplets, when a person that is infected with TB coughs, sneezes, talks, and/or sings letting tiny droplet to be released into the air(Bare, Smeltzer, Hinkle, and Cheever, 2008). TB cannot be spread through touching inanimate objects, food, or drinks (Bare et al. 2008). The person must be in the same area an affected individual is in and inspirate the droplets to be affected. Once the bacillus is inspired into the lungs, the bacilli start to multiply causing lung inflammation also known as nonspecific pneumontis (Huether et al. 2008). To cause an immune response the bacilli will travel through lymphatic system and become lodged in the lymph nodes (Huether et al. 2008). Lung inflammation causes the activation of the alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (Huether et al. 2008). Granulomas, new tissue masses of live and dead bacilli, are surrounded by macrophages, which form a protective wall. They then transform into a fibrous tissue mass, the central portion is called a ghon tubercle (Bare et al. 2008). The bacterial then necrotic, forming a cheesy mass, this mass may become calcified and form a collagenous scar (Bare et al. 2008). At this point, the bacteria becomes dormant and there is no further progression of the active disease. The disease can become active again by re-infection or activation of the dormant bacteria (Bare et al. 2008).
preparation or iodine (Kapadia et al., 2013). It is reasonable to expect the same results favoring the use of chlorhexidine as an enhanced, if not a more effective skin disinfection if patients were followed and assessed over a 6-month period post-surgery. Following patients over a 6-month period will allow researchers to account for those patients who have had implants placed and assess if slow-developing infections occur due to these implanted devices. However, a more randomized and a larger number of study patients is warranted to eliminate or lessen the effect of biases. Are the skin disinfection steps being performed by patients at home consistent and according to instructions? Is the body site or operative site being prepped adequately
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which causes millions of death in humans. In India approximately 500,000 deaths occurs now and then. TB is an air borne disease which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Apart from M. tuberculosis, there are many strains of Mycobacterial species like M. bovis , M .africanum , M. microti, M. caprae , M. pinnipedi i, M. canetti and M. mungi. Together these species are known to be M. tuberculosis complex. The main target of tuberculosis is the lungs (i.e. pulmonary tuberculosis) as well as other parts of the body (i.e. systemic tuberculosis). Most tuberculosis does not cause infection which is known as latent tuberculosis (i.e. they remain in inactive form). The spread of infection is due to active TB infection cough, sneeze, and fluid transmission or by aerosol in the air, and not by surface contact.
The disease can be caused by different mycobacterium such as Mycobacterium bovis, M. africanum, M. canettii, M. microti, and most commonly, M. tuberculosis; although the five are highly similar and are together termed the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Recently, two additional organisms. Mycobacterium pinnipedii and Mycobacterium caprae have also been implicated with the disease in humans. 6, 7 Members of the MTBC are gram-positive, long, rod-shaped bacterium with unique characteristics such as an exceptionally slow growth rate and a high content of lipids in their cell wall which provide protection against degradation and may account for their persistent survival in the environment even after the death of a host. 8
Cellulitis is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection; it appears as a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot and tender. Cellulitis can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. (MayoClinic, 2016). Cellulitis can appear on any part of the body, however it is most commonly seen on the legs. A small cut is capable of turning into cellulitis, which can spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream, and can possibly lead to amputation.