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Summary peter singer animal liberation are animals morally equal to human beings
Summary peter singer animal liberation are animals morally equal to human beings
Peter singer equality for animals
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I do not find Singer's dispute against using animals for our needs persuasive; moreover, I consider some of his ideas to be appalling and degrading to the humankind. In his pursuit of "Animal Liberation," Singer claims that the distinctions between human and animals are irrelevant to the notion that we ought to treat all species equally. Instead, he is concentrating only on the ability to experience pain and suffering, as the convincing argument, which, in his opinion, ought to ensure equality between all the species populating the planet Earth. Singer dismisses his critics' arguments regarding utilizing higher intellectual features, such as a sense of justice and abstract thought, as a reason to consider human beings being superior to the …show more content…
For instance, when trapped, a bird would be chirping in distress, indicating its pain and suffering. To Singer, its ability to express pain would manifest that the injured bird requires equal consideration with the humans. However, we would not hear a sound when the bird swallows the worm for breakfast, or pedestrian foot accidently grinds it out on the ground. Since the worms cannot communicate their feelings, or, possibly have no feelings at all, Singer would not express any particular interest in advocating for the preservation of their well-being. Perhaps, he would claim that invertebrate animals are not capable of the same emotions as birds, due to their lower capacity of their brains. To support his argument Singer goes with the trait, inherent only to the species to a higher level of intelligence. Somehow, Singer arrives at the central point of his reasoning that humans and animals deserve an equal amount of consideration, by utilizing sentience, an ability to experience pain. However, using such approach implies practicing discrimination between the species and giving preferential treatment to those organisms, who possess an ability to express feelings compared to those who do not. Thus, we
Peter Singer’s arguments in Animal Liberation have often been misunderstood. The most mutual, and important, misunderstanding among professional thinkers consists in the belief that the moral argument advanced by Animal Liberation is created on utilitarianism, besides not, as is in fact the situation, on the belief of no maleficence. Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation is surely one of the most persuasive, powerful and efficient works of applied integrities ever printed. Since the publication of the first edition in April 5, 1973, Singer’s work has been spoken, and its main theses enthusiastically argued by others. In the essay Singer’s tone was very rational and patient,
Men have thought themselves to be the superior species for a long time, but Peter Singer brings a new perspective on the topic in his essay entitled Speciesism and Moral Status. Singer’s new way of thinking of it states that determining morals status requires the comparison between the cognitive abilities of humans and nonhumans. The main points he focusses on in his essay are cognitive capacities between animals and humans with severe mental retardation, religion affecting human’s beliefs of superiority, and finally the ability to suffer and how similar humans and nonhumans are.
...nger states “Equality is a moral idea, not an assertion of fact. There is no logically compelling reason for assuming that a factual difference in ability between two people justifies any difference in the amount of consideration we give to their needs and interests”. Singer argues that, as there is no justification for unequal treatment of human beings based on capacity, it is also unjustifiable to treat human and non-human animals differently based on their capacities.
In today’s day and age, humans find themselves as being higher up in the hierarchy for decent reason. This leads to the issue of whether human beings are worth more than animals and animal suffering. While humans possess the moral capacity to understand moral thought, an issue arises with this. Does animal suffering, if we choose to assume that as moral agents human beings are obligated to include animal suffering in our choices, such as Peter Singer speaks of in his essays on animal equality, become less important when used to progress science and perhaps human well-being? On the most basic thought processes, most people would say yes because humans are more important than animals.
Singer ensures that the reader can easily relate to this concept by drawing parallels between it, racism and sexism. Drawing this parallel also automatically associates speciesism with a negative emotion in the mind of the reader, since the concepts of racism and sexism generally carry powerful negative connotations in the modern age. It is then easier for Singer to convince the reader that a variance in treatment for animals simply based on the fact that they are not human is “morally indefensible” (Singer, Animal Liberation, p. 16). Speciesism thus becomes a powerful vehicle to convey the arguments he makes against the difference in treatment afforded by humans to animals as compared to other humans.
Mill would most likely take the same argumentative position, since they are both Utilitarians. Singer’s argument has three premises. First, if a being suffers, it has an interest to avoid suffering. Second, if a being has interests, we must give moral consideration to that thing. Third, both human and nonhuman animals have the capacity to suffer. The conclusion Singer comes to is that we must give equal moral consideration to both human and nonhuman animals. Does animal testing increase happiness and reduce suffering? Most often, the answer is no. So often it would be unethical. However, if there ever was a case in which it would increase happiness and reduce suffering, such as if testing on one animal could cure a disease 400 people have, that would be ethical, because Mill cares about the greatest good for the greatest number.
Singer makes a three-part argument for why “All Animals Are Equal”, or at the very least should be granted equal consideration. Firstly, he argues that, assuming all humans are awarded equal rights, there is no single characteristic apart from being human that grants them such rights. Secondly, he argues that awarding rights by virtue of humanity is arbitrary and speciesist. Lastly, he argues that sentience is the only characteristic that should be considered in terms of granting animal rights. This leads him to the conclusion that “if a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration… The principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering – insofar as rough comparisons can be made – of any other being”.
I’m an individual of Irish descent who lives in Wisconsin, so there is nothing refutable about the impact that meat and animal byproducts such as milk and eggs has had on my upbringing and daily diet (not forgetting potatoes of course). However, my reasoning for eating these food items isn’t because of necessity based on a dietary need or market constraint. I eat these items because I’m a young male athlete who requires a ridiculous caloric intake and these are the food items that I grew up purchasing, preparing and consuming. The scenarios in which I eat meat now occur on a sporadic basis depending on current costs, meat sources and diet, but are greatly influenced by the food culture I grew up with not by whether it is permissible or not.
Within the guidelines of utilitarianism, Singer’s approach appears to harmonize, as he believed the goal in life should be to attain happiness and when the desirable level is reached, one should pay it forward. However, to the dismay of many, he believed that one born to pain and suffrage could not reach such pleasure therefore, had nothing to contribute to the environment and hence, such a life need not be continued and such a life furthered, would only be a strain on happiness. Singer’s judgement on moral behavior was that bringing pain into the world would only consume positive energy and could not further the benefits of happiness as, it is absent. In thinking that one’s existence should benefit environmental ethics as a whole or to those who need it most, Singer has said, “It is not enough that an environmental policy conform to the principles of some or other environmental ethic, it should conform to the correct, or best justified, one.” (p.285) Singer is also inclusive to animals within his statement as he considered animals just as equal in nature as humans. Essentially, he had a vision of animals being free from cruelties and exploitations such as factory farming. Extending happiness, to him, was meant only for people and creatures that could share it and, in accordance to his philosophy, deserved it in efforts to amplify well-being. Singer’s morally confusing ethics have added a unique wing in the developments of environmental ethics that, if anything, indulge in daring thoughts and help refine the purpose of
Women were not treated equally as men back then. Many of their dreams were crushed because they were seen as inferior to men. During the early 20th century, women experienced many challenges such as, Most women had very little education which limited their job choices. Women were mostly seen as inferior to men. Women are often paid less than men for the same work.
The 'Secondary' of the 'Secon Singer P. Animal Liberation, Inc. A New Ethics for the Treatment of Animals. Avon Books. New York, NY: New York, 1975. Spencer, Colin.
Peter Singer, Australian philosopher and one of the founders of the modern animal rights movement, wrote an article in 1999 for the New York Times Magazine titled “The Singer Solution to World Poverty.” His proposal to ending world poverty was written to open the minds of people who are ignorant of what is going on in the world regarding the less fortunate. Poverty is a large problem, and people are dying every day because they cannot survive with the small amount of money they have. Singer believes that if everyone donates all income above necessities, poverty would seize to exist. Singer asks the question, “Don’t we run the risk that many will shrug their shoulders and say that morality, so conceived, is fine for saints but not for them?
In conclusion, I agree with Tom Regan’s perspective of the rights view, as it explores the concept of equality, and the concept of rightful treatment of animals and humans. If a being is capable of living, and experiencing life, then they are more than likely capable of feeling pleasure and pain, except in a few instances. If humans are still treated in a respectable and right way even if some cannot vote, or think for themselves, then it is only fair that animals who also lack in some of these abilities be treated as equals. As Regan puts it, “pain is pain, wherever it occurs” (1989).
Peter Singer’s argument for animal equality is mainly dependent on the principle of equality. The principle of equality states that we as humans are all equal in a moral sense, meaning that we are each permitted to equal consideration of our interests. Singer also states that the principle of equality cannot only depend on specific qualities of humans (such as race), which would mean that it cannot only be applied to humans either. By this, Peter Singer means that non-human animals should also receive equal consideration of their interests, but only if they are sentient. Anything that is sentient is able to feel both pain and pleasure. In my opinion, sentience is the most important part of Singer’s entire argument because it gives clear reason to why most of the human race should become vegetarian. Singer’s argument for vegetarianism (and just his beliefs in general) is based completely on utilitarianism. He would argue that by eating meat, we do not maximize overall pleasure and actually causes unnecessary suffering. The reason that the suffering is unnecessary is that ...
However, it is the purpose of this essay to convince the reader otherwise. The question at hand is: do animals deserve rights? It must certainly be true. Humans deserve rights and this claim is made on numerous appeals. Of one of the pertinent pleas is made on the claim that humans can feel emotions. More importantly, that humans are capable of suffering, and that to inflict such pain is unethical. Those who observe the tortures of the Nazi Concentration Camp are instilled with a humane creed held for all humans. But if there is no significant gulf between humans, that is to say there is no gulf based on skin color, creed, or gender that will make one human more or less valuable than any other, then by what right can a gulf be drawn out between humans and our fellow creatures? The suffering of humans is why we sympathize with each other. Since animals suffer, they deserve our sympathy.