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In the year 1922, after a long and bloody civil war, the Soviet Union was officially formed. After World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, established itself as one of the world’s superpowers, opposite of the United States of America. The Communist regime reigned over the Soviet Union until 1990, shortly before the Soviet Union collapsed and was formally dissolved in December of 1991. However, during that reign, many rules and regulations were imposed on all aspects of life, including music. Many musicians were denounced because their music did not conform to the Soviet regulations. Some fled the country. Others stayed to fight for the right to compose freely. Those who stayed had to walk a fine line, balancing their self-expression while conforming to the Soviet demands.
A Brief History of the Soviet Union
I. The Beginnings of the Soviet Union
In 1917, Russia was rocked by a series of revolutions, following the end of World War I. The country experienced great economic difficulties and famine, and the people became dissatisfied with the Tsarist rule. Tsar Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty was abdicated, and on July 17th, he and his family, along with several servants were executed by the Bolsheviks.
During this time, Russia became embroiled in a long, bloody civil war, fought between the Bolshevik Red Army, founded by Vladimir Lenin and lead by Leon Trotsky, and the White Army, the anti-Bolshevik forces. On December 30, 1922, the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed, and in 1923, the Bolsheviks finally emerged victorious over the White Army.
II. The Soviet Union Under the Iron Fist of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin, a Georgian, was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of...
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...an and Soviet Music and Composers. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2004. Print.
Montefiore, Sebag. Stalin: the Court of the Red Tsar. New York, NY: Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2003. Print
Edmunds, Neil. Soviet Music and Society Under Lenin and Stalin: The Baton and Sickle. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009. Print.
Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich. Lenin: On Culture and Cultural Revolution. University Press of the Pacific, 2001. Print.
Fay, Laurel E. Shostakovich: A Life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA, 2000. Print.
Tomoff, Kiril. Creative Union: the Professional Organization of Soviet Composers, 1939-1953. New York, NY: Cornell Univ Press, 2006. Print.
Horton , Andrew J. . "The Forgotten Avant Garde: Soviet Composers Crushed by Stalin." Central Europe Review 1.1 (28 June 1999): n. pag. Web. 19 Mar 2011. .
Trotsky, L., 2014. The Overthrow of Tzarism and the Triumph of the Soviets. In: L. Trotsky, The Russian Revolution, 1st ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
Shostakovich. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. Print. Stevens, David. "Shostakovich's Revenge on Stalin." The New York Times. The New York
Schwartz, Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917-1981. 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 1983.
The. Platt, Kevin M. F. and David Brandenberger, eds., pp. 113-117. Epic Revisionism: Russian History and Literature as Stalinist Propaganda. Madison: U of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
January 1905 the Bloody Sunday Massacre occurred in St. Petersburg, in October there was a general strike, and in December the members of St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested. In April of 1906 the First Duma convened only to be dissolved in July. The Second Duma convened in February and was dissolved in June, which sets into motion a new electoral law. The Third Duma convened in November of 1907, by 1911 students in universities wreaked havoc. In 1912 there was a Fourth Duma, and the First Balkan War. In the following year the Second Balkan War occurred. World War I breaks out in 1914, for the next year Russia suffered several defeats. Nicholas the II was abdicated in 1917. Russia was industrializing at this point, but it differed from others world powers because “cottage industry and heavy industry existed side by side.” At the turn of the century there was a revival of revolutionary interest, the Socialist Revolutionaries who had previously had issues with assassination attempt gone awry created the boevoi otriad. This separate fighting detachment targeted terrorism, “from 1902-1906 its victims included the governor general of Moscow, a number of ministers…, and some
In 1905 , Russia had a prerevolution that was put down of the Czar. Instead of learning from this prerevolution, Czar Nicholas II, made a very big mistake by in not introducing some reforms to correct the problems. So because of his actions, the situation grew worse. In 1917, the Russians were fighting in World War I. A good majority of the Russian people were weary and uncontent with the way the war was going and with the Czar's rule. This uncontent along with economic hardships caused riots and demonstrations to break out. The Czar called for the army to put down the revolution as they did in 1905. But the army joined the revolt and the Czar was kicked out of power soon afterwards. A temporary government was set up to decide on what kind of government Russia was gonna set up. Two political parties were set up. The Bolsheviks were one of the two. The leader of the Bolshevik party was a man named Lenin. Lenin was a firm believer of the theories and ideas of Karl Marx. So with his slogan of "Bread, Peace and Land", Lenin gained the support of the peasants and gained control of Russia and setup a communist state.
Ernest Bloch, an American composer, was born in Geneva on July 24th, 1880. He began his passion for music at the age of 9 when he began playing the violin and soon began to compose music. While at a conservatory in Brussels he studied music under teachers such as the Belgian violinist Eugene Ysaye. Bloch’s compositions from this apprenticeship period reveal the influence of the Russian national school, particularly in matters of fluctuating meters, folk-flavored melodies, irregular rhythms, exotic scalar constructions, a propensity for modality, and coloristic scoring (Kushner 1).
Few authors can convey the raw emotion of world changing events in such a moving and simplistic fashion. Anna Ahkmatova is able to capture this through her almost tangible use of imagery. Her words can transport the reader through time, allowing them to feel the same pain and fear she survived in Russia during Stalin’s reign of terror. Ahkmatova’s writing is known for its abrupt changes in point of view, and quickly shifting stanzas. Her unique style and poetic form can be attributed to the emotional turmoil of the world changing events she and her nation suffered through; and her innate love for music, as found in Mussorgsky’s Russian Opera, Boris Godunov.
Wood, A. (1986). The Russian Revolution. Seminar Studies in History. (2) Longman, p 1-98. ISBSN 0582355591, 9780582355590
In the mid-1900’s, communism was in full force throughout Russia. Under Leonid Brezhnev, the communist party had reached new heights and became a dictating power within the Russian state. With this governmental force dominating the lives of each and every citizen, the people of the country were left with little to no freedom. The communist party had, up until the 1960’s, kept a strong hand over the Russian people, suppressing all threats to the establishment. Beginning in the early 1960’, a brand new threat arose in Russia, the arrival of the sensational rock group known as The Beatles. In “’You Say You Want a Revolution’” Mikhail Safonov, a Beatles fan himself, describes his profound proposition that the popular group did more than provide music for the Russian people. The Beatles became an emblem, demonstrating the world outside of Russia. The group inspired ideas, which opposed the ideology of the communist party and in turn playe...
For a long time, music has represented the events occurring in the society. This paper discusses the relationships between music and the various eras from 1960.
In 1876, Tchaikovsky entered into a relationship, which would dominate most of his career as a composer. A wealth widow, Nedezhda von Meck, had heard that Tchaikovsky was in financial straits and without ever meeting the young musician, commissioned several works from him with pricey fees attached. Soon, she put the composer on a fixed allowance, which covered his basic living expenses, and this arrangement lasted for the next thirteen years, without the two ever meeting. By Madame von Meck’s generosity, Tchaikovsky was able to devote his energy to composition without hardship. Madame von Meck deserves the gratitude of every music lover who cherishes the work of this great composer (Mason, 70).
It has been an important part of the culture because nomadic Kazakhs used music to transmit historical and cultural information from one place to another, and from one generation to the next. As Boris Erzakovich ( Cited in Edmunds 2004, 182 ), the most influential Kazakh musicologists, noted in his book: “ In the social and intellectual life of the Kazaks, songs occupied a key, perhaps even primary meaning ”. However, under the Soviet system Kazakh music changed its style from nomadic to European. In 1920, when the ASSR was established the government decided to make a state project, where Kazakh folk music was collected. This Soviet nationality policy progressed at the Stalin’s time, and a “ national culture ” became the main disturbance in each autonomous country as “ all officially recognized Soviet nationalities were supposed to have their own nationally defined ‘ Great Traditions ’ that needed to be protected, perfected, and if need be invented by specially trained professionals in specially designated institutions ” (Slezinke 1994, 414–52 ). So, to accomplish this task USSR government appointed A.V. Zataevich, who worked on the " improvement " of Kazak musical instruments and the organization of ensembles according to the Russian model. In the consequence of this policy, in 1932 Musical-Dramatic Training College was founded and directed by the academic A. Zhubanov. Accordingly, Kazakh
As a youth he reluctantly studied law, as much bore by it as Schumann had been, and even became a petty clerk in the Ministry of Justice. But in his early twenties he rebelled, and against his family's wishes had the courage to throw himself into the study of music at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. He was a ready improviser, playing well for dancing and had a naturally rich sense of harmony, but was so little schooled as to be astonished when a cousin told him it was possible to modulate form any key to another. He went frequently to the Italian operas which at that time almost monopolized the Russian stage, and laid t...