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History and Systems of Psychology
History and nature of psychology
History and nature of psychology
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In all of the years that human beings have walked the Earth, and changed over the course of time, the species has not evolved mentally. They can speak many languages to communicate with one another; they can make vast calculations in areas of science and mathematics; and they can even travel to other planets in our solar system. With all of these accomplishments of the modern day, it’s safe to say that humans are more developed and advanced than ever before. However, the human mind is essentially the same as it was many years ago when we were in the Stone Age; the human mind is programmed (Nicholson, 1998). This paper will discuss how this programmed mindset of human beings may have been advantageous in the past, but how it will be the downfall …show more content…
Sexual selection is how a creature will appear either suitable or unsuitable for mating purposes based on traits and qualities. Most sexually selective factors can be seen as harmful or considered as disadvantageous- such as plumage in birds, or antlers on deer, or even mating calls and rituals (Miller, n.d; Puts, 2010). These traits, for instance, abundant plumage and large antlers, are thought to be disadvantageous because they can potentially lead to slower responses of the animal due to a larger mass - “the bigger they are, the harder they fall”. However, sexually selective factors can also be seen as advantageous and quite significant. Where we see these beautiful colours and patterns in fur and plumage, and large antlers on stags, we see that the organisms have an abundance of energy and nutrients so that they can create these attractive features (Miller, n.d.). The abundance of energy, strength and agility means that the organism is well fit for survival and thus attracts mates more often (Miller, n.d.). These advantageous traits of strength, energy and even intelligence, can be highly influential when creatures are searching for …show more content…
Throughout the evolution of mankind we have become much more advanced than what we were in the past, but we still have a similar mindset today as we did back then (Nicholson, 1998). We undergo sexual selection and reproduction everyday in choosing whether or not a person is suitable for mating with. At the same time, we use instincts in everyday life for making decisions. As our population rises and reproduction rates continue to increase, the competitive instincts we still have from our past will come into play. Resources will become more limited which will make greed rise in first world countries; loyalties will come into play, and the instinct of fighting for what we want will prevail over the instinct of flight. The result will most likely be a war where death and loss will outweigh survival and gain. The reason this will be so hard to fix is because we have evolved for so long, but we are still so similar to our ancient ancestors-we are hardwired. This problem is almost impossible to fix because to fix it would be contradictory to what the human being’s purpose is- to reproduce and survive. The more we reproduce, the more we must fight to survive with the limited resources we will have. In conclusion, this report has highlighted how these human behaviours that stay with us today may have been beneficial in our past, but if we
Question 3: What are the reasons that Savulescu gives for believing each of his premises?
Ever since time began, Humans have circled the Earth searching for riches, land and to unravel the mysteries of the universe. When Humans see something they desire, they do whatever it takes, by sword, persuasion, or negotiation to achieve it. Moreover every moment of mankind 's existence is spent trying to become stronger than their neighbor and even nature itself. Since its dawning, mankind has always been a war ragging race. Moreover, the smarter this race thinks they get, the more they take for granted of what the beautiful creator has given them. Along with that, every human lives a technology filled life, it is as if the entire race has been disconnected from the natural giving planet around them. Nevertheless, if one mistake stands above all, it is their lack of knowledge of their own history. No matter how many times mankind makes a fatal mistake they never learn from it and within a decade they repeat the process again. Walter Clark 's "the Portable Phonograph" perfectly shows how humans take
Throughout our everyday lives whether we think about it or not. Computers and technology are and have been an integral part of our lives. Computers and technology assist us with so much, such as the way we drive and the way we learn. We no longer have to deal with the hassle of driving stick and we no longer have to be in a physical classroom with the advent of online education. In Clive Thompsons’ essay “Smarter than you think how technology is changing our minds for the better,” he discusses how the ever changing capacity of technology improves the mental cognition of human beings.
Atlantic journalist Nicholas Carr confesses that he feels something has been “tinkering with his brain.” The internet, he fears, may be messing with our minds. We have lost the ability to focus on a simple task, and memory retention is steadily declining. He is worried about the effect the internet has on the human brain, and where it may take us in the future. In response to this article, Jamais Cascio, also a journalist for the Atlantic, provides his stance on the issue. He argues that this different way of thinking is an adaptation derived from our environment. Ultimately, he thinks that this staccato way of thinking is simply a natural evolution, one that will help to advance the human race.
Females like to choose mates who have very bright colors as it is a sign of the male’s good health and vigor. The natural and sexual selection can affect populations in three ways: directional (environmental conditions change in a consistent direction; one extreme of phenotypes is favored), stabilizing (environmental conditions are relatively constant; intermediate phenotype is favored), and disruptive selection (environment has more than one type of useful resource; both extremes of phenotypes are favored). An example of directional selection is pesticide resistance since only the insects with a resistance are favored; an example of stabilizing selection is that the smallest lizards have a difficulty defending their territory whereas the largest lizards are most likely to be eaten by owls; an example of disruptive selection are the black-bellied seedcrackers since they either have a large beak (which they can use to eat had seeds), or a small beak (which allows them to eat soft seeds). Disruptive selection shows a balanced polymorphism, which is when two or more phenotypes are maintained in a
Philosophers since the beginning of time have debated over the source and cause of violent tendencies in humans that in turn produce global conflicts, to solve the age old question, man or beast? Global conflict can with out a doubt be completely accredited to the human race, but what are the particular reasons for humans to cause such conflicts? There are many topics that have been argued by philosophers and historians over the connection between the reasons the human race and global conflict. One such topic is the gender based theories and sexual differences of men and women. Others believe that religion, with particular emphasis on monotheistic beliefs, is the major basis of conflict among the human race up to this day. Another important fact to take into consideration when attempting to understand why there is global conflict in the human race; is the significance of individual cultures amongst opposing or simply separated tribes, groups, states, and nations. Lastly, one must consider the physical evidence, for example, figuring out what can be learned about previous prehistoric societies from anthropology and paleontology. The basis of the debate is the nature of mankind; is it in our nature to be like wild animals with a lust to kill with the only difference between us and animals being intelligence, or is it that mankind over the time of existence have developed such things as material goods, religious belief systems, and all different ways of life that are responsible for violence and conflict throughout the history of the world. There is no clear cut answer to why mankind acts in such a way, but one can develop a very strong argument or theory which includes and relat...
However, Carr and Turkle both agree that technology has done good, but it has come at the cost of our ability to think critically. In the two articles, both authors heavily emphasize the negative effects of computer technology on how it is diminishing human cognition and the ability to process information.
Some individuals have developed different traits to help them in the process of intra-sexual competition. The organisms with more distinctive traits have greater reproductive success. More genes of those traits are then ‘selected’ and are passed onto the offspring of the organisms. Throughout time variability in these traits becomes
Steven Pinker lays the foundation for his book by highlighting three main philosophies that permeate society’s view of humanity and their historical context: The Blank Slate (empiricism), the Noble Savage (romanticism), and the Ghost in the Machine (dualism) (2002, p. 11). Pinker is correct to challenge previous philosophical frameworks as they skew the way scientific research has been conducted. Present-day scientific and social research will only benefit from an acknowledgement of innate human nature.
In order to understand the present lifestyles relating to different approaches and tactics applied by humans in mate choice preferences, there is the need to refer to Darwin (1859, 1871) evolutionary perspectives. Darwin (1871) sexual selection is the driving force for males and females reproductive quest for their genes survival. These driving forces have been classified into two categories as intra-sexual and intersexual mate selection.Intersexual selection is male sexual selection process whereby males compete with other males and the females choose the strongest as their ideal partner. Intra-sexual selection occurs when the male species fight among themselves and the strongest gain access to females for
Introduction The topic of gender differences must understandably be approached with caution in our modern world. Emotionally charged and fraught with ideas about political correctness, gender can be a difficult subject to address, particularly when discussed in correlation to behavior and social behavior. Throughout history, many people have strove to understand what makes men and women different. Until the modern era, this topic was generally left up to religious leaders and philosophers to discuss. However, with the acquisition of more specialized medical knowledge of human physiology and the advent of anthropology, we now know a great deal more about gender differences than at any other point in history.
The purpose of this academic piece is to critically discuss The Darwinist implication of the evolutionary psychological conception of human nature. Charles Darwin’s “natural selection” will be the main factor discussed as the theory of evolution was developed by him. Evolutionary psychology is the approach on human nature on the basis that human behavior is derived from biological factors and there are psychologists who claim that human behavior is not something one is born with but rather it is learned. According to Downes, S. M. (2010 fall edition) “Evolutionary psychology is one of the many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior”. This goes further to implicate that evolutionary psychology is virtually based on the claims of the human being a machine that can be programmed to do certain things and because it can be programmed it has systems in the body that allow such to happen for instance the nervous system which is the connection of the spinal cord and the brain and assists in voluntary and involuntary motor movements.
Many of the most prominent critics of Evolutionary Psychology (Buller and Kaplan) are deeply skeptical of Evolutionary Psychology’s two defining tenets. The first tenet says the human mind is “massively modular,” composed of a myriad of independent, special purpose (“domain-specific”) modules, each evolved to help our ancestors survive and reproduce during the hunter-gather period of human evolution. The second tenet focuses on the idea that no subsequent cognitive adaptations to novel environments have occurred (Machery 2007; Rellihan 2012). According to prominent critic David Buller (2005), evolutionary psychologists think that humans are a le...
Author Yuval Noah Harari has a unique way of reviewing the past fourteen billion years in his monograph Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. His intention for writing this book is mainly to bring up the conversation of the human condition and how it has affected the course of history. In this case, the human condition coincides with the inevitable by-products of human existence. These include life, death, and all the emotional experiences in between. Harari is trying to determine how and why the events that have occurred throughout the lives of Homo Sapiens have molded our social structures, the natural environment we inhabit, and our values and beliefs into what they are today.
From the first imaginative thought to manipulate nature to the development of complex astronomical concepts of space exploration, man continues to this day to innovate and invent products or methods that improve and enhance humankind. Though it has taken 150 million years to reach current day, the intellectual journey was not gradual in a linear sense. If one was to plot significant events occurring throughout human existence, Mankind’s ability to construct new ideas follows a logarithmic path, and is rapidly approaching an asymptote, or technological singularity. This singularity event has scientists both supporting and rejecting the concept of an imaginative plateau; the largest topic discussed is Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). When this technological singularity is reached, it is hypothesized that man’s greatest creation, an artificial sapient being, will supersede human brain capacity. According to some, this event will lead to the extermination of mankind as humans are deemed obsolete. Yet others are projecting a mergence between A.I. and Humanity, a gradual conversion of man and machine. Will the projected apex of our technical evolution be a gradual or abrupt end of mankind?