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Chapter 13 earth systems volcanoes
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Recommended: Chapter 13 earth systems volcanoes
Science of Volcanic Activity Prediction
Since the dawn of history, volcanoes have been an awe inspiring feature of the earth that has frightened and intrigued mankind. Volcanoes have taken the lives of over 250,000 people in the last three hundred years and changed the lives of millions of others, but up until recently humans have had very little understanding of the volcanic processes that presage an eruption. The advent and implementation of new technologies and scientific methods has allowed us to begin to comprehend the inner workings of one of nature's most powerful forces. Through understanding how volcanoes work, volcanologists hope to accurately predict when an eruption may occur, what the magnitude and type of eruption will be, and what effect it will have on the surrounding area. Accomplishing this daunting task will ensure that in the future when an eruption occurs, the population at risk will be prepared and lives can be saved.
Numerous methods are available for monitoring volcanic activity, and scientists typically synthesize data and observations from all methods available in order to obtain the most comprehensive look at the area being observed. One frequently used technique is monitoring seismic activity that may indicate flow of magma and gas beneath the surface. As magma at extreme temperatures of sometimes over one thousand
Degrees Celsius rises through cracks in the Earth's crust, the intense temperature and pressure causes the surrounding rock to crack, as illustrated in the diagram above. This brittle fracture of the surrounding rock often causes earthquakes or vibrations called tremors. Usually these earthquakes are of magnitude 2, 3 or lower, and seismographs monitor these quakes so that t...
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...ray, J. Monitoring Active Volcanoes. London: UCL Press Limited, 1995.
Week 4; Volcanoes; Smithsonian Magazine, "When Magma is on the Move". February, 2000.
Hill, David P., Roy Bailey, Michael Sorey, James Hendley, and Peter Stauffer. Living With a Restless CalderaLong Valley, California. U.S. Geological Survey, Revised May 2000.
Hill, David P. et al. Future Eruptions in California's Long Valley AreaWhat's Likely? USGS, Fact Sheet revised November 1998.
Austin, Ken, Susan Owen, Ilene Cooper. GPS and Long Valley Caldera. University of Southern California, May 2004.
News: Long Valley Exploratory Well. Information Network: International Continental Scientific Drilling Program. GeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamDecember 5, 2003. <http://icdp.gfzpotsdam.de/sites/longvalley/news/news.html>
[Return to Research Projects] [Return to Sierra Home]
MILLER, C. D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS FROM FUTURE ERUPTIONS IN THE VICINITY OF MOUNT SHASTAVOLCANO, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. N.p.: US Government Printing Office, 1980. Print.
Wood and Kienle, 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p., p. 158-160, Contribution by Patrick Pringle.
...ules that you would be able to give up your lives for it. Some of the theologists and scientists of the medieval times did have that. Luther had to give up many of his friends and followers when the church came out with the Edict of worms. Copernicus was ridiculed by the non-thinkers of the world because he had the strength to put out his work even though he knew it would happen. Galileo was taken in front of a court twice to speak for the apparent crime of teaching what he believed to be right. All of these people were strong enough to stand up to the church and every time that each one of them did it gave the normal people, who were not in the church or positions of ruling, a little power. They started something that has affected us greatly by rightfully taking away the governmental power of the church. They were the fathers of religious change in the renaissance.
Stories about volcanoes are captivating. Myths come in different versions, but all of them are capable of capturing yours, and everybody’s imagination.
Discrimination is behaviour that excludes all members of a group from certain rights, opportunities or privileges.
Imagine a parent walking into what looks like a conference room. A sheet of paper waits on a table with numerous questions many people wish they had control over. Options such as hair color, skin color, personality traits and other physical appearances are mapped out across the page. When the questions are filled out, a baby appears as he or she was described moments before. The baby is the picture of health, and looks perfect in every way. This scenario seems only to exist in a dream, however, the option to design a child has already become a reality in the near future. Parents may approach a similar scenario every day in the future as if choosing a child’s characteristics were a normal way of life. The use of genetic engineering should not give parents the choice to design their child because of the act of humans belittling and “playing” God, the ethics involved in interfering with human lives, and the dangers of manipulating human genes.
In 1913 Teddy Roosevelt, who is considered to be one of the greatest US presidents to serve in office, wrote to the Department of Genetics, “Society has no business to permit degenerates to reproduce their kind [...]. The problem cannot be met unless we give full consideration to the immense influence of heredity....” (Dykes, 2008, p. 1). What Teddy Roosevelt was referring to was the idea of enhancing the human population. Today genetic enhancement is paired specifically with technology, but throughout history genetic enhancement has been a very popular but controversial topic. It can be dated back to ancient times when men would pick wives who the men felt would reproduce the best offspring. Then genetic enhancement became extremely popular in the 19th century when Charles Darwin brought the idea of natural selection and eugenics to society. And it is taking new leaps today, where technology is being introduced with genetic enhancement. With this new technology scientists and ethicists are having a hard time trying to find an answer of whether or not this new and growing technology of genetic enhancement should be permitted. We, society, need to analyze the situation very carefully and ask ourselves, should genetic enhancement be allowed in society, or should it not?
Discrimination is a prejudicial treatment of an individual based on an opinion that a discriminated person is a member of a particular social group. It is a treatment in the way that is worse than the way people are usually treated (Lee, 2003). Such an attitude involves denial of privileges or opportunities usually used by other members of society, negative attitude to discriminated people or even exclusion of a person from social life. A specific type of discrimination is employment disc...
Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. Additionally, it also includes disability and sexual orientation. It functions preservation for power which in turn ensures certain groups of people remain in minority groups or the ‘other’. Discrimination is a way to help people order, many psychologists label this as a coping mechanism as it helps to secure groups and creates community. However, this means people are more likely to compare themselves to others. Discrimination has many elements and involves the following elements; language, power and knowledge. Society uses language, knowledge and power to further divide itself. Language categorizes groups
Discrimination: Discrimination means treating a person unfairly because of who they are? they possess certain characteristics. There are number of reason behind discrimination Age, Gender, Race, Disability, Religion Marriage and civil partnership, Sexual orientation
What is discrimination? Discrimination is about when the people treatment of different ways base on age, sex, religion, culture, race…It is also treating a person unfairly because of who they are, where they come from. Some discrimination happened because of the different characteristics. The definition of discrimination is also including equal rights or opportunity for a person or group.
Human genetic engineering can provide humanity with the capability to construct “designer babies” as well as cure multiple hereditary diseases. This can be accomplished by changing a human’s genotype to produce a desired phenotype. The outcome could cure both birth defects and hereditary diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Human genetic engineering can also allow mankind to permanently remove a mutated gene through embryo screening as well as allow parents to choose the desired traits for their children. Negative outcomes of this technology may include the transmission of harmful diseases and the production of genetic mutations. The benefits of human genetic engineering outweigh the risks by providing mankind with cures to multiple deadly diseases.
It is difficult to say if Shylock is a complete villain or a victim, as his character is complex and ambiguous. However, it is difficult to view Shylock as anything other than a devious, bloodthirsty and heartless villain in the majority of the play. There are a few points in the story where he can be viewed as victimised, as most Jews were at that time, but Shakespeare has purposely portrayed Shylock as a stereotypical Jew, greedy, and obsessed with money. Shylock has been written to be very inflated and exaggerated. Even when Shylock makes his first appearance in the play, his first words are “Three thousand ducats,” Act 1, Scene 3.
inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography.