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How can social class affect children's education and success
Theories of development
How can social class affect children's education and success
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People change over time, and no past history sets the future in stone. Developmentalists divide life into different segments based on age known as growth stages (Berger, 2009). Each stage affects the others causing development at every stage to build upon the other (Berger, 2009). Development does not follow a straight line, it instead moves up and down, back and forth, and it moves at different speeds (Berger, 2009). Although there are several theories of development, and it would be remiss to subscribe to only one; however for the purpose of this paper, I will focus on Erik Erikson’s Theory of Initiative versus Guilt; Industry versus Inferiority; and Identity versus Role Confusion. I also prefer to take an eclectic approach in the application of counseling theories and techniques; however for the purpose of this paper I will utilize three different therapies for each stage of development. Early Childhood is marked by a time in children’s lives when they develop “a confident self-image, more effective control over their emotions, new social skills, the foundations of morality, and a clear sense of themselves as boy or girl” (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). According to Erik Erikson, early childhood is a period of “vigorous unfolding,” one where children have a sense of autonomy and a new sense of purposefulness or initiative (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). Play is a means for children to learn about themselves and they begin to adopt the moral and gender-role standards of the society in which they live (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011). A negative outcome of early childhood is the guilt children feel as a result of excessive punishment and criticism by the adults in their lives (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011).... ... middle of paper ... ...on the path she has chosen for herself. Furthermore, Samantha has realized the importance of not letting what others want overtake or overshadow what she wants for herself. Even though our time together has come to an end for now, I remind Samantha that I am always here for her if she needs me. References Applied Child and Adolescent Development: CED 600 Custom Edition for National University, (2011): Pearson Publishing: Taken from Development Through the Lifespan, Fifth Edition by Laura E. Berk & Characteristics of Emotional Disorders of Children and Youth, Ninth Edition by James M. Kauffman and Timothey J. Landrum. Berger, K.S. (2009). The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence (8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Corey, C. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.