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Impact of Benjamin Franklin
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Contribution of rosalind franklins discovery to science and society
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Rosalind Franklin was a famous english chemist and x-ray crystallographer. She is best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of DNA, and for her use of X-ray diffraction. I haven chosen this particular chemist as her work and discoveries have been extremely important in helping to identify the structure and model of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin was born on the 25th of July 1920 in Notting Hill, London to a British Jewish family. She attended several schools including North London Collegiate School where she showed a keen interest in science. She proved to be very intelligent and knew from the age of 15 that she wanted to be a scientist. She was top of her class and won many awards throughout school. In 1938 she attended Newnham College, Cambridge where she studied chemistry. She received a second class honours degree in 1941 which was a sufficient qualification for employment and went to work at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association, where she studied the porosity of coal. In 1946 Franklin moved to Paris, France. She worked in the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'Etat. She was taught X-ray diffraction techniques from Jacques Mering. These techniques Franklin learned played a vital role in her
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With her skills, knowledge and experience Franklin was able to improve the X-ray crystallography unit in the college. While working with a student, Raymond Gosling in the laboratory she discovered that there were two forms of DNA. Franklin took high quality photos of crystallised DNA fibres. There were two forms of the fibres, ‘A’ form was dry, short and fat while ‘B’ form was wet, more hydrated long and thin. From these photos Franklin was able to identify the basic structure of DNA strands. The ‘B’ form fibre photograph from the X-ray diffraction picture also known as ‘Photograph 51’, is now famous in identifying the structure of
John Winthrop and Benjamin Franklin were both leaders in their time. They had very different views on common issues, which is very apparent in the works used in the document provided for this paper. The two men had differences in topics such as; logical thinking, religion, and views on government control. John Winthrop was more of a strict man who didn't see the option of questioning issue, where as Benjamin Franklin chose to have a more open mind about each issue he dealt with.
The book Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of Rosalind Franklin written by a British journalist and close friend of hers, Anne Sayre to reveal the true personality of Rosalind Franklin in contradiction to the fallacious character portrayed by James Watson in his personal account of The Double Helix. This book was undertaken to refute Franklin’s distorted portrait from abnormal feminist into rational, perfectionist and talented ‘women’ scientist. She begins by introducing her strong background, curious childhood, dedicated education, generous nature and most importantly how she was brought up in a favorable environment of distinctive Angelo-Jewish family, who identified and cultivated her talents and developed her in a person with full capacity for commitment. In this book, despite admiring the geniuses of Watson in depicting and picking out small information, connecting points and the kind of abilities he possessed was perfectly factitive with Crick that Rosalind and Gosling lacked however, she constantly tries to put the Rosalind’s side of story in picture which she believes was minimized in The Double Helix by Watson and correct her character that distorted in public eye.
Who is Alecia Beth Moore? Alecia Beth Moore is a strong, independent woman, even though her early life was quite rocky, Alecia Moore now has a successful career as a pop singer and lives a lovely life.
They’re idea was to show that DNA had to copy itself during the cell division process. The point of this idea was that the DNA molecule make exact replicas of itself in order to pass to its “daughter cells”. Though the two groups were working separately, Watson saw the work that Franklin was doing in her lab, from her images they deduced that DNA might consist of two strands of DNA that were connected and shaped much like a spiral staircase. From seeing the images they decided on a model approach to prove their theory. They designed many variations all to no avail until they stumbled upon the right connects. Discovering that DNA was less like a Spiral staircase and more like a twisted ladder, they finally had the right configuration, a double helix. At this point of their experiment they were only missing one final clue. They needed to know how the different components of DNA bonded together. They found this answer with the help of an American named Jerry Donohue, a chemist who found that hydrogen bonding was the key. The hydrogen allowed the different components to bond together from a position on the inside to the structure and phosphates worked from the outside of the structure. Once all the pieces were discovered, Watson and Crick could finally construct their final product and write their paper. They noted the way DNA was constructed that it spoke of
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is a representation of the new prospect of upward mobility in colonial America during the 18th century and the development of the Age of Reason, which assisted in the conception of the idea of the “American Dream”; a dream that includes fundamentally social ideals such as democracy, equality, and material prosperity. Furthermore, Franklin’s autobiography exemplifies a significant shift in focus from religion to enlightenment and reason. Additionally, there were forces specific to Benjamin Franklin's Philadelphia, that played an important role in his perspectives and the changes that occurred within colonial America during the 18th century.
In Benjamin Franklin’s The Autobiography, he ornately and distinctly portrays each of the characteristics of the enlightenment. First characteristic of enlightenment Franklin presents is perfectibility and progress, a belief that one has the ability to improve and change. Whilst, Franklin was working on his list of virtues to improve himself to accomplish his goals, he came to add the thirteenth virtue as one of his Quaker acquaintance confessed about him, “But a Quaker friend having kindly inform’d me that I was generally thought proud; that my Pride show’d itself frequently in Conversation” (Franklin 530). After being informed, Franklin immediately convinced himself to improve his pride by adding one more virtue in his list “Humility”. In
	X-ray crystallography helped determined the three dimensional structure of DNA when Franklin returned to England. She became the first person to find the molecule¡¯s sugar-phosphate backbone while working with a team of scientists at King¡¯s College in London. Unfortunately, leadership misunderstandings and personality conflicts depreciated Franklin¡¯s effectivness in the laboratory. Maurice Wilkins, the laboratory¡¯s second in command, returned from a vacation expecting Franklin to work under him. Franklin came to the laboratory with the understanding that she would be researching alone. While Franklin was direct and decisive, Wilkins tended to be alluding and passive-aggressive. As Franklin made further advances in DNA research, Wilkins secretly shared her findings with the famous duo of Watson and Crick, who were then working at Cambridge. Franklin¡¯s discoveries fueled their research machine, allowing them to advance beyond others in the field. They would eventually publish on DNA structure in 1953. Due to discriminatory procedures at King¡¯s College, Franklin eventually left to become the lead researcher at London¡¯s Birbeck College--upon agreeing not to work on DNA. She furthered her studies in coal and made significant advances in virology. Franklin died in 1958 of ovarian cancer. She lived 37 monumentally significant years.
He also made the bifocals, and the swim fin. The swim fin that we utilize today are for the feet not the hands, but despite everything he concocted the thought for them. The bifocals that he developed are frequently utilized all over the place. His observations of electrical phenomena convinced him that a sharp point would serve the purpose best.” Power is something that is utilized practically every waking hour, we utilize it wherever we go, from the store to sitting in front of the TV. It was an awesome thing that he examined more about, his investigations were extremely useful to us. Franklin invented bifocal eyeglasses by cutting the lenses of two pairs of spectacles. Franklin made an invention that would help him to be able to continue his favorite hobby, reading, and to see long distance. For Ben Franklin, he needed double-spectacles. He also invented the franklin stove. It was invented in 1742, it was a metal-lined fireplace that stands in the middle of a room. It improved the airflow in the house. It gave more heat and less smoke than an open fireplace that uses wood. The stove would normally be the middle of the room in all directions, and the iron walls even absorbed heat, providing warmth to the room long after the fire went out. Separated bifocals, Franklin developed the melodic instrument glass harmonica; adaptable urinary catheter; his own rendition of the odometer. Also,
Rosalind Franklin: Seeing a woman as a scientist during this time is somewhat rare, so the fact that she has taken up this profession show that she is persistent, dedicated, and smart. The only problem is that she is undervalued because of her gender. She is also very quiet and reserved because she’s in a different country.
In 1717, he began to regain some of the knowledge that he was deprived when he was pulled out of school to work for his father. Franklin began reading writings from such authors as: Plutarch, Defoe, and Mather ("The Electric Franklin"). This education obviously became very important later in his life to him and our country. It is like he said, "Genius without education is like silver in the mine (Glenn)."
Benjamin Franklin has been without a doubt one of the most relevant individuals in US history. His autobiography gives us a brief but detailed summary of what his life was like and how society worked in the eighteen century. This autobiography gives us many details of how the colonies where and offers and an overall image of the development of British North America which later turned into the United States. Due to the fact that this book was originally written for Franklin's son, the book concentrates in personal information and has very little information about other topics. However, there are some topics that can be extracted from his writings; one of them is gender. Even though, Franklin never talks openly about gender, we can observe how in his writing these roles are clearly assigned. In this paper, we will analyze how Benjamin's Franklin autobiography showcases the importance of gender in the early eighteenth century. Gender can be analyzed in Franklins book by looking at different topics. This given to men and women by society can be seen in the workspace, in the education of each individual, and in the family and family structure.
Marie Curie was born, Maria Sklodowska on November 7, 1867. She grew up in Warsaw, Poland. She would become famous for her research on radioactivity. Marie Curie was the first woman to ever win a Nobel prize, and the first ever to win two Nobel prizes. She is most famous for the discovery of Radium and Polonium. Her work not only influenced the development of fundamental science, but also began a new era in medical research and treatment.
"The discovery of the structure by Crick and Watson, with all its biological implications, has been one of the major scientific events of this century." (Bragg, The Double Helix, p1) In the story of The Double Helix, James Watson tells of the road that led to the discovery of life's basic building block-DNA. This autobiography gives insight into science and the workings within a professional research laboratory that few members of society will ever be able to experience. It also gives the reader an idea of the reality of life for one scientist and how he struggled with the problem of DNA. However, the author's style is marked by his lack of objectivity and inclusion of many biased opinions and personal prejudices.
The Double Helix tells a tale of fierce competition, perseverance, and scientific innovation as we follow James Watson and his cohort Francis Crick on their quest to discover the secret to life, the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Although already fascinated with DNA, Watson struggled with finding chemistry exciting enough to learn it in depth. He had studied birds in college and thereby managed to avoid any formal chemistry or physics courses. As he later pursued a PhD in biochemistry, he realized he could put it off no longer and attempted to learn organic chemistry at Indiana University. However, after a mishap in the lab, he was encouraged instead to study nucleic acid chemistry with Herman Kalckar in Copenhagen. There, his mind strayed from his work and he began doing unauthorized research in the lab of Ole Maaløe, studying phages. Herman stopped teaching Watson after going through a divorce with his wife, and sent Watson off to a scientific conference in Naples. Although he was bored by many of the lectures, Maurice Wilkins’s talk about X-ray diffraction fascinated Watson. He was struck by an X-ray diffraction picture of DNA that Maurice presented and was determined to study the acid. He later got to know more about Maurice’s colleague, Rosalind Franklin, who was proud, stubborn, and very difficult to work with. Watson greatly admired the lecture given by the renowned Linus Pauling, who had discovered the structure of the alpha-helix and was thought of as the leader in DNA research in the scientific world.
He distinguished between arteries and veins as well as established embryology by studying chicks.... ... middle of paper ... ... They determined that DNA was a double helix structure composed of base pairings, with a sugar phosphate backbone. This model explained how “genes can duplicate themselves [and] would eventually lead to our current understanding of many things, from genetic disease to genetic engineering” (Salem).