Roots, Causes, and Cures of Prejudice
Within School Systems
Esteemed school board members, there is much to be said on the topic of prejudice within school systems. Offered to you today for the purpose of consideration and appropriate action are several viewpoints on the subject of prejudice through the lens of social psychology as it relates to your school district. You are charged with initiating purposeful action on the basis that a) Prejudice is a learned social factor which can stunt the education and growth of low status students within school systems (Cohen, 1985,1994, 2004; Steele, 1997; Oakes, 1985, Roper 1985), b) Schools are the primary source for socialization and education of minors, including prejudice formation and maintenance (King, 1991), c) Multicultural and holistic education when implemented properly can help students of all ethnic background to examine both internal biases and the flaws of systematic oppression. The inclusion of multiple viewpoints within the classroom allows students to gain fuller understanding in all subjects and question the validity of some sources over others (Wright, Tolan, 2009). These methods can be effective in reducing prejudice among groups if they meet Allport’s (1979) four conditions of positive contact. The proposed solution for the ethnic prejudice within the school district requires not only training of teachers, but also administrators and curriculum builders to create a completely redesigned school environment with a goal of prejudice reduction.
The Relevant Issues
Starting in the early twentieth century, Social Psychology emerged onto the global stage with a goal of explaining human nature. Social psychology as a science analyzes the cause and effect relationships between...
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...Who Confronts Prejudice?: The Role Of Implicit Theories In The Motivation To Confront Prejudice. Psychological Science, 21(7), 952-959.
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Stewart, T. L., Laduke, J. R., Bracht, C., Sweet, B. A., & Gamarel, K. E. (2003). Do The "Eyes" Have It? A Program Evaluation Of Jane Elliott's "Blue-Eyes/Brown-Eyes" Diversity Training Exercise1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(9), 1898-1921.
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Vescio, T. K., & Biernat, M. (1999). When Stereotype-based Expectancies Impair Performance: The Effect Of Prejudice, Race, And Target Quality On Judgments And Perceiver Performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(7), 961-970.
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Wright, A. N., & Tolan, J. (2009). Prejudice Reduction Through Shared Adventure: A Qualitative Outcome Assessment Of A Multicultural Education Class. Journal of Experiential Education , 32(2), 137-154.
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Numerous research and investigations were conducted on the topic of stereotype threat. In the articles connected to this paper, experiments were performed to see how stereotype threat affected test results. During tests some participants were exposed to variables that activated a negative stereotype while others were not. Those exposed to the negative stereotype had lower results. Therefore stereotype threat resulted in weaker performance. It is proven the threat exists but so...
Social psychology is one of the many variations of psychology. By definition, social psychology is how humans influence each other’s way of behaving and thinking. Under social psychology, there are various ways to define human behaviour and understand why we behave in a particular manner. These approaches deal with multiple concepts such as conformity, obedience, and social influences. They help answer questions about our behaviour and actions, while also analyzing our cognitive processes in certain situations. Social experiments conducted throughout history have also led to more understanding in the aforementioned areas. With these understandings of social behaviour, society can benefit and become aware of themselves and their mentalities.
Kirwan (2015). Understanding Implicit Bias: Institute for the State Science, Implicit Bias; Retrieved June 6, 2017, from https//www.kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/research/understanding-implicit-bias/
“The psychological approach to prejudice is to examine individual behavior.” (pg. 505) the author reveals the argument he is trying to make through the article by using the psychology of prejudices to research individual behavior and then explains how to reach this conclusion. “We can understand more about prejudice among individuals by focusing on four areas of study…” (pg. 505) the author organizes the article in this fashion to first reveal the point the author wants to express to the reader then illustrate step by step how he will persuade the reader into believing the author. Throughout the article the author separates his argument into four sections the levels of prejudice, self-justification, personality, and frustration. Each category helps the author dive the reader in depth of how the psychology of prejudices works. The author then continues onto his article of describing and defining each area of study “cognitive level of prejudice encompasses a person’s beliefs and of a group as threatening or non-threatening etc., emotional level of prejudice encompasses the feeling that a minority group arouses in an individual…action-orientation level of prejudice is the positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior.” (pg.
>>Sandhu, Daya Singh and Sherlton Pack Brown. 1996. " Empowering ethnically and racially diverse clients through prejudice reduction." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development"
Inzlicht, Michael. Stereotype threat: theory, process, and application. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.
There are many social identities to take into consideration. It is not just race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, language and social class. There are also categories such as health, education level, and body type. With a surplus of social factors, it is easy to have a hidden prejudice toward certain social identities. It is critical to first acknowledge how institutional forms of prejudice will covertly affect a child’s educational experience. As you can imagine, overt prejudice, a term used to describe the explicit discrimination you see, is easier to spot and therefore avoid. But the covert/indirect prejudices are much easier to slip through the cracks of lessons and classroom materials. For example, having a selection of children’s books that showcase only white, slim, heterosexual family structure is an illustration of a way ...
Jr., Bernard E. Whitley and Mary E. Kite. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2010. Web.
Stereotyping is a form of pre judgement that is as prevalent in today's society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a 'depressing dilemma'.
Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping are important topics at the cause of debating within social psychology. A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits cling to all members, regardless of actual individual variation (Akert, Aronson, & Wilson, 2010). As humans, people assign objects and individuals into categories to organize the environment. Individuals do this for not only organization, but also survival. Is stereotyping inevitable? That is the question; according to Devine (2007), it is, but Lepore and Brown (2007) have to disagree. Devine believes that “stereotyping is automatic, which makes it inevitable.” On the other hand, Lepore and Brown are not convinced that stereotyping is automatic, and have claimed, after observation, that it depends on the individual.
Many often justify discrimination through the means of statistical evidence, claiming that groups that are stigmatized deserve their treatment by citing negative attributes about them. However, this paradox is frequently unresolved to even those who realize the fallacy in discrimination. Several researchers in social psychology, including Galen V. Bodenhausen and Jennifer A. Richeson, have offered potential reasons behind this happening; “It should come as no surprise that individuals’ attitudes and stereotypical beliefs affect the way intergroup interactions unfold. Indeed, individuals who harbor negative stereotypes about the group membership of their interaction partners often display behavior that conforms to their stereotypical beliefs”(Bodenhausen & Richeson, 361). This shows how those discriminated against are likely to adapt to their societal status, and thus often behave according to their respective stereotypes. From this, one can begin to infer that this paradox is a reinforcing cycle, and that prejudice forms as a result of discrimination. Building upon this trend, in the final chapters of the text, a Peters reflects on the trends and results derived from Jane’s exercises, and how it related to the act of discrimination itself; “But even more pernicious, [the exercise] also illustrates how the results of discrimination tend
Social psychology essentially became the focus on the individual rather than the group as a whole. Many thoughtful ideas are collected in response to the studies of social psychology. Human cognition is understood to arise from interacting socially, highlighting the importance of socialization. We use social cognition to develop our explanations and our ideas on why a person’s behavior is/does what it is/does. As explained in class, we may have a student who never completes assignments and from that viewpoint, we determine that the student is a lazy person and more than likely does not care about the class.
Most people find stereotypes to be obnoxious, especially when they have to do with sensitive subjects like gender or race. “Stereotyping is a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we perceive others and their communication behaviors” (Floyd, 61). Because they underestimate the differences among individuals in a group, stereotyping can lead to inaccurate and offensive perceptions of other people. Although stereotypes are prevalent in almost every society, becoming aware of our perceptions of others, as well as differentiating between both positive and negative stereotypes can help us overcome those stereotypes.
Ignorance is a huge problem, it is one of the biggest factors responsible for issues such as racism and sexism. Luckily, ignorance, generally speaking, is a relatively easy issue to fix. The obvious answer here would be more education, but this is not necessarily the case. In order to eliminate much of the racism, sexism, and other forms of prejudice that arise due to ignorance, it is necessary to look at education from another perspective: one that encourages togetherness and development alongside people of all races and genders. One quote by Grace Boggs book The Next American Revolution summarizes the issue perfectly. “Just imagine what our neighborhoods would be like if, instead of keeping our children isolated in classrooms for twelve years and more, we engaged them in community-building activities with the same audacity with which the civil rights movement engaged them in desegregation activities fifty years ago! ...Our children will be absorbing naturally and normally the values of social responsibility and cooperation at the same time that they are being inspired to learn the skills and acquire the information necessary to solve real problems” (Boggs 158). So, the main point here is that prejudice, against all sexes, genders, and creeds, can be eliminated via education that encourages cooperation with the largest variety of people. In order to understand this concept, it is necessary to look at it from a few different perspectives to analyze its viability in modern society.
The development point of view of social psychology has changed the understanding of human nature in relation to social contexts. Social psychology is the study of how individuals act, think, and feel in relation to the context of society. Furthermore, social psychology concentrates on how other people influence an individual’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Basically, social psychology has changed our understanding of human nature as it investigates how an individual’s behavior influences a groups’ behavior or internal mechanisms; attitude or self-concepts. Post-World War 2(WW2), researchers were curious to investigate the reasonings for why people follow orders, despite the potential repercussions of those actions. Furthermore, social experiments are usually applied to demonstrate key