The scientists I will be discussing in this essay are Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and Ross & Grassi. These scientists are important because of their major contributions to the field of science and have saved many lives from very infectious diseases. They provided explanations to previously unexplainable causes of people’s death by studying microorganisms. These scientists contributed to everyone’s knowledge of contamination, germs, and dangerous microorganisms.
Robert Koch has greatly contributed to the fields of bacteriology, microbiology and medicine. He put an end to anthrax that was a disease affecting cattle all over Europe. He discovered this disease through studying microbes near the cattle fields under a microscope. The damage done
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by anthrax is described in page 119 of Microbe Hunters, “Anthrax was a strange disease which was worrying farmers all over Europe . . . there was no stopping to it.” He discovered that the cause of anthrax came from the bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. His idea of stopping the spread of anthrax was by burying all animals that died due to anthrax to stop the anthrax from spreading through the air. Overall, he had brought up the first ideas to preventing the disease but it was not effective enough; anthrax was still a continuous problem. Louis Pasteur is another scientist who is important to the development of immunology, medicine, and microbiology.
Louis Pasteur improved upon Koch’s attempt to prevent anthrax by creating a vaccine. The vaccine would infect the animal with a weakened form of anthrax to help the animal fight it off and become immune to the disease. He concluded: “Once a cow has anthrax, but gets better from it, all the anthrax microbes in the world cannot give her another attack—she is immune.” Louis Pasteur was also the scientist who prevented the dreaded disease in dogs. His approach to get further information about this disease was by infecting various animals with a weakened version of rabies to study the site and cause of infection. He learned how to infect a dog with rabies by grounding up the brain of a dog dead from rabies. Two weeks later, the dog acted mad and fell dead soon after. When the rabies continued growing inside the dog’s dead brain, Pasteur had continued this process with multiple dogs, hoping for a dog to survive the rabies to be able to study it. When one day a dog infected by rabies came by Pasteur and Roux in the dark and miraculously got better. He again attempted to create a weaker version of rabies from the dog in order to vaccinate animals again. After created the dogs he had infected with the vaccine recovered from the virus after 14 injections. He had died in 1895, but his studies were complete, as rabies was no longer a problem. Although there may have been …show more content…
more serious diseases to prevent then rabies, he had still contributed some way to the progress of immunology that people out there appreciated. Ross & Grassi are the final two scientists I will be mentioning in this essay that helped contribute in the fields of medicine and microbiology. Ronald Ross is a not particularly distinguished officer in the medical service of India. Ross had first learned about malaria when examining the malaria germs in the blood of humans with Manson. Ross concluded from his observations that mosquitoes were the ones infecting humans with malaria. So he went out to India and captured mosquitoes to run experiments on them. In the middle of his discoveries, he had said: “Those circles in the wall of the stomach of the mosquito…if they are alive, they must grow!” Finally in his studies he had learned that malaria could only be transferred through the bite of a mosquito, correcting the theory of Patrick Manson. Giovanni Grassi is the other scientist completed Ross’ unfinished studies of malaria.
Grassi, who had no knowledge of Ross, went back to malaria to end the continuation of the disease due to it being such a problem for Italy. In the beginning of his studies he had realized early that not all mosquitoes must have had malaria, and thought of if they were a special kind of mosquito. Giovanni called this specific type of mosquito “Zanzarone” who fly around frivolously near the marshes and the town and preferred larger hosts to smaller hosts. He began to chase zanzarone everywhere where malaria raged. He conducted his studies with Bastianelli and Bignami. He infected several animals with malaria from his zanzarones. From infecting a person already infected with malaria as a variable in the experiment he had said: “It is not the mosquito’s children, but only the mosquito who herself bites a malaria sufferer—it is only that mosquito who can give malaria to healthy people!”. Although they haven’t completely stopped the spread of malaria, both Grassi and Ross contributed to information concerning malaria. The information concluded from them helped future scientists to be able to end the
disease. In conclusion, all 4 of these scientists have greatly contributed information about the major diseases that could’ve costed the lives of many animals and humans. The three scientists’ work synergizes with each other, which is another reason why I have chosen these particular 3 scientists. Contributing to the knowledge we know and study today, we will be able to continue to further learn about immunology and other fields of science thanks to these 3 scientists. One of immunology’s recent breakthroughs tackles a serious problem that results in the deaths of many people today, cancer. Although still in the process of terminating the disease today, scientists have already thought of ways to, such as targeting the immune system instead of the tumor for the human body to fight the disease. A new protein receptor found recent decades ago, CTLA-4, could prevent T-cells from launching full-on attacks on the immune system, allowing the immune system strong enough to eliminate cancerous cells in the body. It would still take about 2 decades for CTLA-4 to be able to rid cancerous cells in phase 3 of cancer, when cancerous cells has existed in the body for some time.
In pursuit of the education and experience that will lead us to our chosen profession, it is important, if not vital, that we carefully choose a path that will take us where we want to go. As we journey down this path, we will most likely encounter obstacles or opportunities that will take us in different directions, possibly leaving us at the end of the trail in a place quite different from that which we set out for. Like us, both Edward Zigler and Howard Gardner set out on career paths that ended in much different places than those they anticipated, both for very different reasons.
Jennifer Ackerman's main focus in her article The Ultimate Social Network, is that of the functions concerning bacteria within humans. Although scientists have had presumptions about humans being proficient in governing their body’s innermost structure, they soon come to recognize the sophistication of our inner space which holds an extensive plethora of bacteria and other microorganisms that lie within each and every one of us. Moreover, scientists' new and emerging view of how the human body operates, and the cause of increasing present-day diseases (i.e. obesity and different autoimmune disorders) are uncovered by analyzing effects of certain microbe species in our bodies. By italicizing on points such as the above, in conjunction with bacteria's genetic variations, and modern computing technology, the author proves that scientists are quickly progressing with the characterization the most prevalent species of microbes, which, in her opinion, is definitely paying off.
Louis Riel was the first child of Louis Riel Pere and Julie Lagimodière. He was born October 22, 1844 in St. Boniface. His mother was the seventh child of Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière and Marie-Anne Gaboury. Louis Riel Pere had been born at Ile-à-la-Crosse in 1817. He was the son of Jean-Baptiste Riel dit l'Irlande and Marguerite Boucher. Both of Louis Riel's parents were Catholics.
In the summer of 1995, the periodical Wilson Quarterly published "Enemies of Promise," an essay by J. Michael Bishop, a Nobel Prize-winning professor of microbiology from the University of California, San Francisco. The essay addressed the renewed criticism the scientific community has received in recent years by an ignorant and unduly critical public. The overall effect this single work has had on the world may be nominal, but the points Professor Bishop raises are significant, and provide ammunition against the ignorants who maintain this "intellectual war," centuries after it was sparked.
There were many occasions in history wherein the French and English Canadians have clashed but the first major historical event to tear the relationship into pieces was the Northwest Rebellion. The French Canadians regarded the Northwest Rebellion a noble cause and Louis Riel a hero who stood up to protect the rights of the French-speaking Métis. The English saw the rebellion as a threat to Canada's sovereignty and Riel as a traitor.
Another man that made discoveries that reinforced those of Pasteur was Robert Koch. Robert Koch isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, identified the germ responsible for Asiatic cholera, and developed sanitary measures to prevent disease. (1) In the late 1880s, genes, white blood cells, and aspirin were discovered. An Augustinian monk from Austria, Johann Gregor Mendel, experimented in the crossplanting of pea plants.
Loewenberg, Bert J. "The Reaction of American Scientists to Darwinism." American Historical Review. 38 (1933): 687-701.
...standing the nature of relationship between the residing microbes inside human cells and about their function is very important to put an end to this war and to live in peace with the natural organisms that are benefitting human body and their survival has become our primary importance.
Louis Pasteur, in 1881, discovered the anthrax vaccine. Anthrax is an infection caused by many bacteria cells called “Bacillus”. These bacteria make “spores” which have a protective shell. This disease is most common in farm animals. They live in soil, and affect domestic a...
The scientist that is quickly gaining the most fame pertaining to Bacillus F Dr. Anatoli Brouchkov, head of the Geocryology Department at Moscow State University. The doctor was recently thrown into the spotlight after he admitted to doing something very unexpected, to say the least. 'After successful experiments on mice and fruit flies, I thought it would be interesting to try the inactivated bacterial culture on myself, ' he told The Siberian Times. Since then (it has been 2 years) he says he has more energy and has not gotten sick.
Louis Pasteur was a famous scientist throughout the 1800s. He is known for his advancements in vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. He is also known for his breakthroughs concerning disease prevention. He had a wide range of discoveries and advancements, these can be traced by going through the main points in his lifetime which were: his early life, professional career, research contributions of the Germ Theory, contributions to immunology and vaccination, and the honors and wards he received for all of his achievements.
By the nineteenth century, scientists had abandoned this theory (called spontaneous generation) as an explanation for the existence of visible animals, but not for diseases. Infections and illnesses were thought to have been caused by impurities in the air. Doctors did not understand the necessity of cleanliness when dealing with patients and were unaware that they could be transmitting diseases from one patient to another with their unwashed hands. Doctors in the mid-nineteenth century made revolutionary advances that influenced modern medicine. Three such men were Ignaz Semmelweis, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a scientist and was best known for his contributions to microbiology; he received the title of "the Father of Microbiology” and dedicated many years of his life to improve the microscope in order to attain incredible heights of precision of the microscopic lenses. He produced magnifications from up to 275X, with a resolving power of up to 1.4 µm. Moreover, he presented his findings from the material of animals and vegetables in extraordinary detail as well as being the first to observe a glimpse of bacteria that he found in water; the first illustration of the bacteria is demonstrated in a representation by Leeuwenhoek in the 1683 “Philosophical Transactions” publication. In this publication, Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society about his observations of the inside of an old man’s mouth. He found "an unbelievably great company of living animalcules [Latin for ‘little animals’], a-swimming more nimbly than any I had ever seen up to this time. The biggest sort... bent their body into curves in going forwards. . . Moreover, the other animalcules were in such enormous numbers, that all the water... seemed to be alive." These were among the first observations on living bacteria ever recorded.
German microbiologist and physician Dr. Robert Koch (1843-1910) successfully isolated Bacillus anthracis in 1875 by growing the organism in a pure culture and identifying the bacteria’s ability to form endospores, a resistant type of spore that develops in some bacteria cells. Furthermore, Koch produced experimental anthrax by injecting the disease into animals. From his research and experimentation, Koch was able to discern the life cycle of anthrax and develop the Koch postulates, which identified the causative relationship between microorganisms and diseases. The proof outlined in his discoveries in the late 1800s allowed for later scientists to develop a comprehensive Germ Theory, a notion which states that certain microorganisms present in the body can in fact cause diseases. Long before the formal discovery of the disease, anthrax had originated in 1250 BC, where it is thought to have developed in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. As the disease was in all likelihood much more dangerous in olden times due to the lack of an ability to control the spread of the bacteria, some theories suggest that anthrax contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. It was only in the 1752 and 1769 that the first clinical observations of cutaneous...
The concept of microbiology emerged in the late 1600s when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria and other microorganisms using a single lens microscope. The microscope manufactured and used by Leeuwenhoek served as a catalyst for the field of microbiology, exposing a whole world of microorganisms. With the utilization of tools like microscopes and methods like ink staining, scientist have been able to step into a seemingly invisible world and note the contribution of microorganisms to human life. These tools and methods have been essential to the discovery that DNA was the macromolecule charged with the transformational ability of genetic information in bacterial cells