Rickets is a bone disease that occurs in children as a result of a Vitamin D deficiency. This disease, which was nearly eradicated in the early 20th century, has become a re-emerging health concern for various countries in the past ten years. Certain factors such as poor nutrition as a result of low socioeconomic status or high concentrations of melanin in the skin can increase the chances of getting rickets. Sufficient Vitamin D levels are crucial to the functioning of the body, especially in the absorption of calcium. This essay will examine the causes, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rickets; as well as the importance of Vitamin D and calcium in the prevention and treatment of this disease. Rickets is a disease that occurs in children aged 0-36 months as a result of a serious Vitamin D deficiency, with the majority of the children diagnosed between the age of three and 18 months. This deficiency leads to poor calcium mineralisation and deformation of the skeletal system such as the legs, ribs, wrists and skull. This disease is most commonly found in children from developing countries such as Africa, India and the Middle East, as well as cultures who are not regularly exposed to sunlight. Rickets was first described in 1645 in a thesis paper by a medical student called Daniel Whistler, which aimed to name and treat the disease that was affecting the skeletal systems of infants in England. The start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the 17th Century started the first rickets epidemic in Europe, as families moved into urbanised and polluted environments. In 1922, an American physician called Alfred Fabian Hess suggested rickets could be treated and prevented by giving all infants in New York City cod ... ... middle of paper ... ...eals and milk supplements with Vitamin D2 or the precursor molecule, ergosterol; as well as ensuring pregnant women take Vitamin D supplements whilst pregnant and breastfeeding, in order to ensure that they will have higher concentrations of Vitamin D in their breast milk and circulating blood. In conclusion, rickets is a non-fatal disease that can result in permanent skeletal deformities and stunted growth if the source of the disease is not treated. Rickets occurs most often in populations with darker skin pigmentation, developing countries and populations who have limited sun exposure as a result of cultural preferences, situational factors or geographical location. Rickets can be treated by restoring the mineral and vitamin balance in the body, paying close attention to Vitamin D and calcium levels, and using custom-made braces or surgery to repair deformities.
Her findings from this research was praised as she concluded that small supplementary feeding with fruits, milk and wheat germ improved the growth of school children. She also found out that the over dosage of Vitamin D produced brittle bones and calcification of soft tissues. If that wasn’t enough, she continued her extensive research and showed that pantothenic acid is essential for normal pigmentation of hair and skin. Lastly she was intelligent enough to prove that the bone density of woman decreased between 50 and 65 years of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a physical impairment which causes the loose of the muscle and the weak bone.
Australian films are usually criticised for their poor cinematography, weak storyline and terrible stereotypical actors. However, this is not the case for the superb all age 2011 film entitled ‘Red Dog’. Based on the true Australian legend, Red Dog is loved by many Australians; he roamed the outback in search for his owner John. This emotional movie amazed the whole of Australia, finding his way into the hearts of everyone he meets. The film portrays a positive picture of Australia’s national identity as many of the landscapes and Australian spirit can still be found across Australia nowadays, which is why Red Dog should enter the ‘Cannes Film Festival’. The portrayal of the setting, characters and language have all played
DMD also known as muscular dystrophy is muscular disease that occurs on young boys around age four to six. Muscular dystrophy is genetically transmitted disease carried from parent to offspring. This disease progressively damages or disturbs skeletal and cardiac muscle functions starting on the lower limbs. Obviously by damaging the muscle, the lower limbs and other muscles affected become very weak. This is ultimately caused by the lack dystrophin, a protein the body produces.
In “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, the narrator attempts to understand the relationship between humans and nature and finds herself concluding that they are intertwined due to humans’ underlying need to take away from nature, whether through the act of poetic imagination or through the exploitation and contamination of nature. Bishop’s view of nature changes from one where it is an unknown, mysterious, and fearful presence that is antagonistic, to one that characterizes nature as being resilient when faced against harm and often victimized by people. Mary Oliver’s poem also titled “The Fish” offers a response to Bishop’s idea that people are harming nature, by providing another reason as to why people are harming nature, which is due to how people are unable to view nature as something that exists and goes beyond the purpose of serving human needs and offers a different interpretation of the relationship between man and nature. Oliver believes that nature serves as subsidence for humans, both physically and spiritually. Unlike Bishop who finds peace through understanding her role in nature’s plight and acceptance at the merging between the natural and human worlds, Oliver finds that through the literal act of consuming nature can she obtain a form of empowerment that allows her to become one with nature.
...risk breast milk only has a very small amount of vitamin D. this was found as a problem also in the 16th centaury because it was normal for you child to drink mostly your milk two years into their life. An ABC NEWS reports looked at 380 kids below the age of 2 and 12% were deficaint in vitamin D and 40% dint have the desirable amount in their body, report by Dustin Lushing,. So although not many kid suffer from rickets it is still a problem in some areas that have a lack of education about the disease and how important the right amount of vitamin D is and sun in moderation.
It is estimated that 1 out of every 5,600-7,700 boys ages 5-24 have Duchene or Becker muscular dystrophy. (“Data & Statistics,” 2012 April 6) Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic diseases defined by muscle fibers that are unusually susceptible to damage. There are several different types of muscular dystrophy some of which shorten the affected person’s lifespan. (“Muscular dystrophy: Types and Causes of each form,” n.d.) There is a long history of the disorder but until recently there wasn’t much knowledge of the cause. (“Muscular Dystrophy: Hope through Research,” 16 April 2014) Symptoms are obvious and can be seen as soon as a child starts walking. (“Muscular Dystrophy,” 2012 January 19) Although muscular dystrophy mostly affects boys, girls can get it too. (“Muscular Dystrophy,” 2012 January 19) There is no cure for muscular dystrophy but there are several types of therapy and most types of muscular dystrophy are still fatal. (“Muscular Dystrophy: Hope through Research,” 16 April 2014)
The pathophysiological difference between rickets and gout is obvious. Rickets is a disease consisting of soft bone usually in children. The medical term for softening of the bone is osteomalacia and is the term used when describing rickets to a patient. The anatomy and physiology of rickets starts when the osteoid (bone appearance, structure) does not calcify correctly within the body. Inside the blood stream, vitamin D travels throughout the body until the liver is reached. When in the liver, vitamin D is converted to calcidiol (hardening substance) and pushed to the kidneys where the process ends. The kidneys transform calcidiol into the final form of vitamin D called calcitriol. Calcitriol absorbs calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Rickets occurs when calcitriol is not present in the kidneys.
An Orthopedic Impairment is the most common of physical disabilities. A physical disability is any condition that interferes with how a child uses their body. An Orthopedic Impairment is defined as, “A bodily impairment that is severe enough to negatively affect a child’s educational performance” (education). Orthopedic Impairments are often separated into three main categories. These categories are neuromotor impairments, musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative diseases. Although neuromotor impairments typically involves the brain and spinal cord, they can also affect a child’s ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of their body. Musculoskeletal disorders include diseases of the bones and muscles, such as limb deficiency or club-foot. Degenerative diseases affect a child’s motor skills such as muscular dystrophy. This is a group of genetic diseases in which muscle fibers are very vulnerable to damage. Some causes of orthopedic impairments can be genetics, injury, birth defects, disease, burns, fractures, cerebral palsy, and many other circumstances. Some examples of orthopedic impairments that may be caused by a birth defect are clubfoot, spina bifida, and absence of or malformation of one for more limbs. Some examples that may be caused by a disease consist of muscular dystrophy, arthritis, and childhood obesity. Other causes of orthopedic impairment may contain fractures, which cause stiff and/or immobile joints called contractures.
Williamson, C., & Wyness, L. (2013). Nutritional requirements in pregnancy and use of dietary supplements. Community Practitioner, 86(8), 44-47. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=2012203053&site=ehost-live
Classically, vitamin D deficiency is known for its effects on bone, causing reduced mineralization, rickets and osteomalacia.[1, 3] However, many new roles of vitamin D have recently come to light, with more consequences attributed to its’ deficiency.[1] Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly associated with infectious diseases like tuberculosis, and non communicable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and stroke.[1, 6, 8–11]
Vitamin D is key for solid bones on the grounds that it helps the body use calcium from the eating methodology. Generally, vitamin D lack has been connected with rickets, a malady in which the bone tissue doesn't appropriately mineralize, prompting delicate bones and skeletal distortions. Yet progressively, research is uncovering the essentialness of vitamin D in ensuring against a group of wellbeing issues. (Emery, Gene 2012)
Vitamin D (Calciferol) is a fat soluble steroid prohormone that was first identified as a vitamin in the 20th century (Holicks, et al, 2011 ). It has two major forms- D2(ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) (Holicks et al, 2011, BMJ). The sources of vitamin D in human include sunlight (80-90%) and dietary source (10-20%) (Mithal et al, 2009). Dietary sources of vitamin D includes – salmon, canned fishes (sardines, tuna, mackerel) , cod liver oil, shitake mushroom, egg yolk, fortified mils and orange juice, infant formulas, fortified yoghurt and butter, fortified cereal as well as supplemental oral vitamin D.
According to the MediLexicon Medical Dictionary, muscular dystrophy is defined as a general term for a number of hereditary, progressive degenerative disorders affecting skeletal muscles, and often other organ systems (Staff). Basically what that means is that muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that is passed down that affects the skeletal muscles and other organs by slowly breaking them down. Since it is genetic, it is not contagious and you cannot catch it from someone who has it. MD weakens muscles over time, so children, teens, and adults who have the disease can gradually lose the ability to do the things most people take for granted, like walking or sitting up. Someone with MD might start having muscle problems as a baby or their symptoms might start later. Some people even develop MD as adults (Clark, 2010).
People with achondroplasia have a limited ability to rotate and extend their elbows. They generally develop bowed legs and may have in-turned toes. Their hands and feet are short and broad, as are their fingers and toes. The characteristic findings of short stature, rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, and specific facial features become more pronounced over time. In addition to being diagnosed by physical examination, individuals with achondroplasia have some specific bone changes that can be seen on an x ray. In general, they have minimal medical problems, normal IQ, and most achieve success and have a long life regardless of their stature. The most serious medical barriers to an excellent prognosis are the neurologic complications that can arise in achondroplasia. Spinal cord compression is thought to increase the risk for SIDS to 7.5% in infants with achondroplasia and can lead to life-long complications such as paralysis if