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Pathology of childrens rhabdomyosarcomas
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The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on where in the body the tumor started, the width of the tumor when the cancer was diagnosed, whether the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant parts of the body, whether there are certain changes in the genes, the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, whether the tumor has been completely removed by surgery, whether the tumor responds to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, the patient’s age and general health, and whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred )come back). For patients with recurrent cancer, prognosis and treatment depend on where in the body the tumor recurred, whether the tumor was treated with radiation therapy, the size of the tumor when the cancer was diagnosed, and how much time has passed between the end of cancer treatment and when the cancer recurred. …show more content…
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the tissue or to other parts of the body is called staging. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The doctor will use results of the diagnostic test to help find out the stage of the disease. Treatment for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is based on the stage and the amount of cancer that remains after the surgery to remove the tumors. The pathologist will use a microscope to check tissues, including lymph nodes, removed during surgery, and the edges of the areas where the cancer was removed. This is done to see if all the cancer cells were taken out during the surgery. There are three ways cancer spreads in the body. Cancer can be spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood. In the tissue, the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas. In the lymph system, the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph
Rhabdomyolysis is a disease that involves a rupture of skeletal muscle, causing myoglobin, along with electrolytes and other intracellular proteins to leak in to circular system (Bagley et al, 2007). It is the result from the destruction of muscle fibers that make their way into the bloodstream, which take over the renal system hindering the kidneys ability to remove waste resulting in kidney failure (Owens, 2013). Rhabdomyolysis is rare and has not been fully documented. According to Efstratiadis et al, rhabdomyolysis was solely associated with crush injuries, but in recent studies, it appears to be five times more frequent in non-traumatic causes (2007). Damaging electrolyte disorders and acute renal failure may occur, leading to life-threatening situations. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of patients with rhabdomyolysis are colored urine, and muscle weakness is and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Rhabdomyolysis may develop in any circumstances where energy demands in muscles exceed the available energy supplies of the body. According to
Surgery is the most common treatment for all stages of colon cancer. Cancer cells may be removed by one of the below procedures:
Ray, M. (2010, January ). The Truth About Rhabdomyolysis . Retrieved from The CrossFit Journal : http://journal.crossfit.com/2010/01/rhabdo-pdf.tpl#featureArticleTitle
Tumours that are treated at early stages have a higher chance to heal. Besides that, lesions that are well differentiated and that are superficial also have a better prognosis.
Envision, a tumor so repulsive, it violates the very laws of physiology, turning normal tissues at odds with their own nature. According to Merriam Webster, a teratoma is defined as a tumor derived from more than one embryonic layer and made up of a heterogeneous mixture of tissues, such as epithelium, bone, cartilage, or muscle. The name teratoma, originates from the ancient greek prefix of terato, meaning monster, combined with the suffix oma, meaning mass. Therefore, it can be interpreted, the phrase teratoma, denotes a monstrous mass. Indeed, teratomas, are of grotesque quality, seeing as they are not limited by normal anatomical boundaries. Even more, they may even contain hair, teeth, fat, bone, and sometimes complex organs (see fig 1).
The underlying purpose of the experiments performed in the study, Promoter Hypermethylation of KLF4 Inactivates its Tumor Suppressor Function in Cervical Carcinogenesis, is to investigate the mechanism by which the KLF4 gene is silenced in cervical carcinomas. Cervical cancer accounts for 250,000 female deaths every year. Developing therapies for cervical cancer has been limited due to the lack of genetic and epigenetic data of the mechanism causing the cancer. The KLF4 gene is a transcriptional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. It functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, but is found to be inactivated in cervical cancer. The overexpression of KLF4 protein is known to inhibit cervical cancer cell growth and tumor formation by activating a cell cycle suppressor. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation can result in transcriptional silencing of many tumor suppressing genes. Two CpG regions, BSQ1 and BSQ3, were examined in this experiment.
In contrast to the inward growth of a polyp, a true cancer can grow inward toward the hollow part of the colon or rectum, and/or outward through the wall of these organs. If not treated, cells from the tumor may break away and spread through the bloodstream or lymph system to other parts of the body. There, they can form "colony" tumors. This process is called metastasis.
Surgery is the oldest type of treatment for cancer. In its earlier use, surgery was not as successful as it is today. This was due to the difficulties involved with the anesthesias, excessive blood loss, respiratory distress, and a number of other complications. Tumors were removed, but metastases had formed, and the cancer returned quickly. In modern day surgery, namely laser surgery, these difficulties do not occur as readily. There are four basic ways to use surgery. One way is a diagnostic biopsy. This is a technique that involves removing part of the tumor, in order to test for malignancy. Another technique is surgery that removes the primary tumor. A third technique is removal of lymphatic tumors and metastases, which can help reduce the recurrence of cancer. The fourth technique is a combination of surgeries to detect and treat a malignant or benign tissue mass (1).
...pread to nearby tissue in the neck and or to the lymph nodes. Cancer may spread to the lungs and bones as well. Staging consists of more testing; ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, Chest x-ray and a whole body scan. (Thyroid Cancer, 2012)
For cancer patients there are several treatment options. Surgery can remove cancerous tumors, chemotherapy uses drugs for treatment, and radiation therapy. The doctor in charge of the patient’s treatment may also choose to use radiation therapy. “Radiation
The purpose of this paper is to describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of the cancer treatment, and methods to lessen the physical and psychological effects of cancer.
Many studies and research has gone into Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, focusing on how it originated, how it is spread between the species, why it is so harmful and life threatening to the largest extant marsupials living, and what scientists are doing to stop it. Even though it seems like a simple disease to be taken care of, the overall effects of the disease are much more complex and life threating than they seem. There has been a dramatic loss in genetic diversity throughout the years since the disease originated. This paper will compare McCallum’s (2008), Miller et al.’s (2011), and Murchison’s (2008) research and studies on the comparison of other life threatening transmissible diseases, genetic diversities, origin of the disease, effects and transmission of the disease, and the endangerment of this marsupial.
Cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes near or far from the prostate, or to other organs and tissues, such as the liver or lungs.
Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree to which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows: stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Steen, Grant R. and Joseph Mirro. Childhood Cancer: A Handbook From St.Jude Children's Research Hospital . Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publisher, 2000.