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The perspective of history
Perspective of history
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Recommended: The perspective of history
Surayyah Wolfe
PH 102
Professor Flynn
July 21, 2017
Unit 3
What does Rorty mean by calling philosophy “edifying”? What are the main arguments that have been raised against this view? Do you think the arguments or Rorty are right? Why? Why not?
By calling philosophy “edifying,” Rorty calls for a more historicistic and pluralistic point of view of reality. In line with historicism, Rorty wants people to view discussions in light of the time period in which those discussions took place; he wants to see how different time periods influence thought rather than pinpointing any fundamentals truth beyond all time periods. Philosophy of the current time will serve to edify since this time period is different from other time periods and will influence thought in a new way. In line with pluralism, Rorty does not want philosophers to agree on fundamentals truths, but wants philosophers to keep interpreting the world in different ways and reach new conclusions. Rorty wants philosophers to edify by breaking away from tradition and avoiding dogma.
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There are three main arguments against Rorty’s view.
First, philosophers who have historicistic views disagree about the implications of such a philosophy. Those philosophers would argue that there is value in answering age-old debates like free-will vs determinism. Secondly, some argue that Rorty incorrectly rules out necessary truths. They would argue that Rorty’s philosophy is contradictory; Rorty seems to use necessary truth of his own to state that there are no necessary truths. Third, some argue that Rorty is a relativist and thinks that people can have absolute knowledge. They would say that Rorty thinks that truth is whatever is true for you. This argument says that Rorty believes that “truth is what my peers will let me get away with say” rather than what is objectively
true. I agree with the second and third arguments against Rorty. I believe that there are necessary truths. Necessary truths are necessary for reasoning to occur. Rorty cannot use logic to defend his arguments with truths. Hence, Rorty’s argument to stray away from logic is self-defeating. Lastly, I believe in objective truth. I think there is a truth outside of the minds of all people. Truth is not what you make it to be, truth is what is. People should try to find what the actual objective truth is rather than thinking whatever they want to believe.
The following book of Peter Kreeft’s work, The Journey, will include a summary along with mine and the authors’ critique. As you read the book it is a very pleasant, symbolic story of always-existing wisdom as you go along the pathway of what knowledge really is. It talks about Socrates, someone who thinks a lot about how people think, from Athens, is a huge part in this book. This book is like a roadmap for modern travelers walking the very old pathway in search of reality. It will not only show us the pathway they took, but the pathway that we should take as well.
Historians can either disagree or agree into a situation to find the meaning of outcomes. Certainly the past had happened the way it is therefore history is always explained from other people’s perspective. The perspective of historians such as Bernard Baiylin or Gary Nash can relate to the American Revolution, however Baiyln has a stronger argument because he expands the topic, gives great information that readers can pick up right away, and has reliable sources while Nash’s argument is weak because of difficult wording, relies on common data, and lacks of direct facts that relate to his topic.
In John Leo’s “The Beauty of Argument”, Leo discusses how discussion and debate has changed drastically over time.
For thousands of years, mankind has persistently pursued truth, knowledge, and understanding. For most, this pursuit is a driving force which usually doesn’t end until one finds a “truth” that is satisfying to him or her. Even then, however, one may choose to look for an alternate truth that may be even more satisfying to them. This pursuit does not always follow the same path for everyone as there are different ideas as to how truth is actually obtained and which is the best way to obtain it. Two individuals and great philosophers of their time, Plato and Charles Peirce, each had their own ideas on how truth and knowledge could be obtained.
Western philosophy has been for the most part in serious error for the last three centuries. The book the Ten Philosophical Mistakes by Mortimer J. Adler sets out to explain where most of modern philosophical mistakes where made by the philosophers of the seventeenth century. Adler was considered to be one of the most well spoken philosophers of the 20th century and he proves that, throughout his book, when he disputes the flawed reasoning’s and introduces us to the correct reasoning’s. Adler was referred to as “the philosopher for the everyman”, because he recognized the massive importance of correct philosophical ideas in everyday life and tried to state the complex idea in terms that someone who is not a philosophy major can easily understand. Although he puts things in simple to understand ways he still uses precise words. When Adler gives examples he uses the most down to earth everyday examples so readers can relate to
...eferred to it as “the single greatest threat to intellectual freedom”. He argues that historicism rejects political philosophy and is entrenched in the belief that human thought including scientific thought, is based on the grounds that cannot be validated by reason and come from historical era. In his book, ‘Natural Right and History’ he offers a complete critique of historicism as it emerges in the works of Hegel and Marx. He believes that historicism grew out of Christianity and was a threat to civic participation, as well as understanding the classical philosophers and religions. In his books he warns that historicism, and the resulted perceived Progress can lead to totalitarianism and democratic extremism. In his book, ‘On Tyranny’ he blames historicism for Nazism and Communism. Many believe that the Strauss work is based on the Nietzsche's view of historicism.
Niles, Patricia. “The Enlightenment.” Novaonline. Niles and C.T. Evans, 7 May 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
Even though Averroes’ assertion that philosophy is an obligation from all who study religion seems to support innovative ideas, closer analysis shows the opposite. Considering all the limits set upon the encouragement of producing personal opinions, the role of philosophy is practically redundant. Opinions are only accepted from scholars, and even then, when they are in line with what is considered to be “right”.
However, when trying to put together all this great era has achieved, we must put into consideration that it was not just the philosophes that affected the amount of progress that was brought about. It is smart to think and focus on how intellect had changed the world as a whole. To take a deeper look into this idea helps to concentrate on changes in the ways of thinking and styles of behavior among many people during this era. The purpose of this age of reason was to change the minds of people and to encourage them to think in different ways than they were normally taught. So it is essential to play close attention to the outcome of this time period. We must see that the Enlightenment was a time to educate all and not just those of Church and royalty. Today, it is clear that the Enlightenment continues to stretch way beyond the philosophes. Cultural historians turn to new thinking in reading newspapers, novels, prints, etc. To this day the Enlightenment lives on as a living language and important teaching
Will Durant’s book The Story of Philosophy is indeed a historical, philosophical, and remarkably literary treasure. It provides valuable insight into the minds of men that were instrumental to the philosophical realm and, perhaps more imperatively, assisted in the shaping of humanity as it is today in terms of morals and basic foundations of thought. This piece of historiography truly finalized my studies for the past three years in a marvelous and proper way as Durant’s works have been such a pivotal keystone in my academic maturation; to leaf through one of this eminent historian’s crucial masterworks was immeasurably rewarding, as I could, from time to time, detect hints of his natural and charismatic writing style that bears an often humorous and distinctly human, rather than mechanical, character despite its undeniable objectivity.
Philosophy has guided great thinkers towards obtaining a radical grasp on the world. Masterminds like these are born, grow up, and die; yet, their theories tend to impact humanity’s perception of the world. We call them philosophers, although geniuses such as Plato and Aristotle are the leading examples of understanding simple, but uncovered questions that make up our character. For example, what is life? This is a popular question that people have asked themselves from the moment reason kicks in. What is eudaimonia? A question with a valid response answered by the Aristotelian thought into Christianity; which is said to be achieved though the virtuous life. But in fact, these questions can’t compare with the theory of knowledge that’s perceived from multiple points of views by the Pre-Socratics. Epistemology is a word philosophers use to define knowledge. Nevertheless, Plato and Aristotle’s theory of knowledge led our generation to visualize and interpret ourselves in a defined way. Their two different views in knowledge share a common idea, which is that knowledge must be based on a systematic method. Without their guidance, our ability to grasp our doubts would become untenable. I will present their theories of knowledge by comparing and contrasting Plato and Aristotle’s theory of knowledge. They both had many differences, but they came together on simple things. Their vibrant thinking in the world unraveled mysteries that come together to this day.
In this course we will analyze various important theories in philosophy, comparing and contrasting them as we use those theories to answer to several philosophical questions. After a short introduction to what philosophy is, what an argument is, and the significance of philosophy, we will go over the perspectives of many different well-known philosophers, including, but not limited to, the following Philosophers: Plato, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, George Berkeley, John Stuart Mill, John Locke, Friedrich Nietzsche, David Hume, and others
(2) Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association November 1995, Vol. 69, No. 2, p. 144f. Nussbaum refers to the humanities in general but the context does not leave any doubt that philosophy is meant primarily.
The world will never come to a real definite answer to the creation of reality that society constitutes, but it is this uncertainty that motivates mankind’s curiosity, in essence, the primary reason for humans to live on. The human race is on a never ending quest to satisfy their thirst for knowledge known as epistemology. As humans become more knowledgeable, people develop personal value systems, the ethical branch of philosophy. Society is then faced with a dilemma as harmony of interest becomes an issue when individuals interfere with one’s morals. As a result, mankind creates regulations deeming actions permissible or impermissible, known as politics. Philosophy is not only practical to life, but its practicality is infinite. It is not philosophy that is integrated in life, but life that is integrated in philosophy.
With respect to use of the Internet to teach philosophy, this paper will allay that suspicion. In what follows, I identify three important objectives of philosophical education and show how each of them can be achieved while relying exclusively upon electronic communication. Indeed, in each case I argue that appropriate use of Internet resources provides clear advantages over the methods employed in a traditional classroom. Teaching philosophy on the Intern...