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Philosophy 391 flashcards on utilitarianism
Essays on the Utilitarian Theory
Utilitarianism for and against
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The main moral theory motivating Singers argument would be Utilitarianism. Singer argument states that if an individual or party has the ability to prevent issues, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral worth they are morally obligated to do so. This argument adheres to the utilitarian theory as it deems the usefulness of an act is only morally correct if the act generates the most happiness to the majority. A Kantian theorist would ask if the principle behind the rule is a duty to the moral law. While also if the reasoning behind the action is morally good. While Care ethics would base their reasoning on the personal relationship shared with the issue. Which would lead to a bias reasoning factor.
Timmerman’s response to Singer is
Despite finding Harley’s article easier to absorb, I will be providing insight and knowledge of Scannell’s article “Dailiness” as I drew interest into his concepts and ideas behind the notion of temporality of everyday life. After Scannell’s reading, I could see myself reflecting different notions of time and ‘media time’, through his concepts of routinisation and the ‘care structures’ of dailiness I became exposed to the recurring cycle we live in.
Population 485 describes Michael Perry’s life as he searches for his niche in his community. There are three criteria that build an evaluation argument, which consist of ethical, practical, and aesthetic criteria. Throughout the book Perry provides multiple detailed stories that use two of the three criteria quite often. The practical criterion focuses on practical considerations and appears more throughout his book than the aesthetic criterion, which is based off of how engaging the story is to the reader, and the picture the story paints in the readers’ heads. As a whole Michael Perry creates a successful book that uses his personal experiences to convey his message of the importance of community in someone’s life.
In order to understand why O’Neill’s position is superior to Singer’s position on famine relief, I will present information on both sides. O’Neill gives a Kantian, duty-based explanation, that focuses on people 's intentions. One of the central claims of Kantian ethics is that one must never treat a person, either oneself or another, as mere
The objection says that Singer’s analyses of moral duty conflicts with society’s current outlook on charity, which views it as not an obligation but a personal choice, where those who choose to give are praised for their philanthropy but those who choose not to give are not condemned (236). Singer retorts this objection by saying that we as a society need to essentially change our perspective of charity (236). What Singer means by this is that we need to drastically revise our ideas of what a moral duty is because, in agreement with Singer’s premise that we are morally obligated to help those who are suffering if it is within our power to do so without causing something equally as bad as the suffering to happen (231), charity should be considered as our moral responsibility and a mandatory duty for society
In his article, the author Peter Singer presents valid points within his work in a way that provokes one to question their morals and ethics. He rationalizes the gift of donation in an unconventional but motivating manor. The purpose of “The Singer Solution to World Poverty” is to encourage people to reevaluate his or her ability to contribute to the underprivileged people of the world. Singer is addressing this article to any person with the ability to donate. The author makes it clear that nearly everyone has the ability to make a difference is others lives. Additionally, in “The Singer Solution to World Poverty”, the author explain that we have a duty to give, but he is not stating whether it is a duty of justice in Narveson’s sense. He is not stating if would be morally correct for anyone to force us or impose to us to give to the needy. This author is trying to persuade or convince people to give voluntarily. The author is not enforcing to do something, this is contrary to Narveson’s position “enforced fee”. “The Singer Solution to World Poverty” addresses the urgency for a more generous world. Peter Singer presents valid points within his work in a way that provokes one to question their morals and ethics. He rationalizes the gift of donation in an unconventional but motivating manor. The main purpose of “The Singer Solution to World Poverty” is to
Singer’s utilitarian theory points out his main arguments for his statement “If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it” (375). He supports this by suggesting that were are morally obligated to prevent bad no matter the “proximity or distance” , “the number of other people who, in respect to that evil, are in the same situation we are” and that we ought to prevent hunger by sacrificing only their luxuries, which are of lesser moral importance (378). This meaning that we shouldn’t limit our aide to only those that we can see or that we know because morally there is no different between our obligation to them and our obligation to those overseas. Also, we should limit our aide to what we think ...
Singer starts with the base of assumption that suffering and death from lack of the essentials of food, water, shelter, and proper medical assistance are bad. I find no problem with accepting this assumption as it is consistent with most widely accepted moral theories. Singer continues by stating “if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it”(Singer, Pg.231). Like his first statement, this one is easy to swallow. No moral code, save for maybe ethical egoism or nihilism, would attempt to refute either of his premises. His final conclusion is that if it is in our power to stop suffering and death from lack of the essentials, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral worth, we are morally obligated to do so. This essentially removes the current definition of charity, making giving money to famine relief, not a supererogatory act, but a moral duty of all people who have the ability to do so. Singer admits that this would drastically change the way people live their lives. Instead of living with any disposable income, people would be giving money to those who are living under bad or unsurvivable conditions. But wi...
Another weakness of Singer’s article is the aggressive language he uses throughout his piece of writing to influence the reader. For example, his use of forceful dialogue encourages people to give money in this following statement, Telling the reader what to do is not an effective way to convince an audience to make a contribution.
Singer's argument appears to be mainly an appeal to logos, in his argument he reasons why he thinks it is morally required of people to give for famine relief and other needs. However, his argument relies heavily on pathos as well. The main thrust of his argument is this “If I am walking past a shallow pond and see a child dro...
Aside from threatening our freedom, ignoring the differences between personal and corporate privacy results in unusual conclusions. We often make a clear distinction between general corporate rights and personal rights, because they have different meanings and purposes in different contexts. And we rightfully treat humans and corporations differently. For example, individual and corporate taxes are not one in the same. Unlike most individuals, corporations end up saving money each year when it comes to taxation, as Catherine Rampell points out in her opinion article, “Corporations are people. So what if people were corporations?” But in recent years, the United States has accorded corporations more rights on the grounds that they are, in a
Famine, Affluence, and Morality; Singer suggested, “we should prevent bad occurrences unless, to do so, we had to sacrifice something morally significant” (C&M, 827). However, different philosophers and writers have criticized his view and the general idea to help the poor.
Putnam, begins his argument by stating the scientific fiction which state that, let us imagine that our brains have been removed from our bodies and are placed in a vat of nutrient which keeps our brain alive (Putnam, 1981:6). He furthermore explains that we can imagine that the machine (computer) our brains are connected to they cause illusion that everything is normal. (ibid.).
The 1920's was a time when cultural and social changes began to take place in the history of the United States. People began to grow in prosperity, change the rules when it came to morals and manners, and the cultural civil war of individual rights. This is the time when women are fighting for their rights to be equal in comparison to their white male counterparts. During this period women are realizing their impact on how society functions and the roles they play. This was the beginning of the true feminists’ mission. After “August 23, the day when the Tennessee legislature finally enacted the Federal suffrage amendment" (Eastman,
Peggy Crull has a Ph.D. and is the Research Director in Working Women’s Institute, in New York. This article, she discusses the negative results of any sexual harassment in the work environment. She researched 262 cases, ranging from 16-65 years old which 20 percent were minorities. More than 2/3 of women they encountered retaliation after a sexual harassment. (Crull, 1981). The social status does not matter on any assault. The sexual harassment can be from verbal to physical advances including rape. The main side effects she noticed was the following; 1) those affecting work performance and attitudes; 2) those affecting psychological health; and 3) those affecting physical health. (Crull, 1981). It is important for the women not to be afraid
To create a formidable article, authors have a way of arranging the facts, ideas, problems, and use them to formulate conclusions that help readers understand the purpose of the material. Kent Lewis (2008, p.337) stated that "deductive reasoning describes a process of applying known truths to real situations and reaching new conclusions". It is a type of the logical reasoning that Michael Taube attempts to use in his article to prove that globalization is beneficial to the society at large. The author mentioned that "If a product in Canada is inferior to a product from Korea, the smart consumer will buy the latter” (Taube, 2008, p. 378). In this conclusion, Taube uses a support or reasoning to build into the conclusion that consumers buy cheaper