The successful use of wood-based particles and fibers as fillers or reinforcements in thermoplastic composites requires an essential considerate of the structural and chemical personalities of wood [1]. English and Falk give an inclusive overview of the factors that influence the properties of wood–plastic composites [2]. While several studies have revealed that fiber-polymer compatibility can be improved by selecting appropriate coupling agents [3,4], compatibility between polar wood fiber and non-polar thermoplastics remains key to extend the function limits of the resulting composites [5]. Another repeatedly cited key factor in natural fiber thermoplastic composites is thermal degradation [6]. In addition, different wood species have different anatomical structures. These structural differences direct the use of these materials in WPC. For instance, fiber dimensions, strength, unpredictability, and structure are important consideration. Maldas et al. have investigated the result of wood species on the mechanical properties of wood/thermoplastic composites [7]. They reported that differences in morphology, density, and aspect ratios across wood species account for varying strengthening properties in thermoplastic composites. Recently, Neagu et al. investigated the stiffness part of various wood fibers to composite materials. They observed a connection between lignin content and longitudinal Young’s modulus, and an optimal lignin content range for maximum fiber stiffness was recorded for softwood Kraft fibers [8]. Several efforts have been practiced to link wood-based particles and fiber properties to WPC properties [9–11]. A high aspect ratio (length/width) is very essential in fiber strengthened composites, as it indicates pote...
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...felt that using a considerably larger amount in the WPC matrix would consequence in the formation of excellent mechanical properties, especially if the exfoliated microstructure could be reached [17]. In fact, even in the HDPE/nano-silicate matrix, significant developments in qualities and performance were noticed for 0.05 to 1-wt% of clay. In order to avoid the formation of a microstructure that is not positive to the even diffusion of the nano-silicates in the WPC matrix (also known as intercalated structure), a compabilitizer such as maleated polyethylene (PE-g-MAn) is used to raise the cohesiveness between the nano-clay, woodfiber and plastic borders [18]. Rather than using a different bonding agent for the woodfiber/polymer and nano-silicate/polymer interfaces, using PE-g-MAn alone can save on cost as well as simplifies the formulation
of the material [19].
The papermaking process begins with pulp. Pulp is cellulosic fibrous material extracted from cellulosic fiber from wood. Glatfelter uses the Kraft Process to make both hardwood and softwood pulps. Hardwood pulps are taken from oaks, beeches, poplars, birches and eucalyptus tress. They have short fibre of average length of 1 millimeter. The primary purpose of hardwoods is for the paper to achieve bulkiness, smoothness and opacity. Softwood on the other hand is taken from pine and spruce with long fibre averaging 3 millimeters, it provides addition strength to paper. Both softwood and hardwood are produce independently of each other and are mixed end at desire ratio in the paper plant. The process starts from wood chips. Trees are chipped to make wood chips from half an inch to an inch long and up to two fifth inches thick. The chips are feed into a digester, which with cooking liquor would create a chemical reaction, which delignificate the wood. The cooking liquor is composed of white and black liquor. White liquor is composed of mainly sodium hy...
Denture teeth can be made of acrylic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or composite resins. PMMA is a polymer - a material made the from joining of methyl methacrylate monomers. Properties of PMMA include resistance to abrasion, chemical stability and a high boiling point. (Jun Shen et al. 2011). However, weak flexure and impact strength of PMMA are of concern as they account for denture failure. (Bolayir G, Boztug A and Soygun K. 2013). Composite denture teeth are made of a three distinct phases - filler, matrix and coupling agents. Out of the types of composite teeth available, nano-filled composite teeth are preferred. Composite teeth have a PMMA coating around the tooth and a high content of filler particles. This gives them strength, higher resistance to forces than acrylic teeth and provides compete polymerization due to the PMMA coating. (Anusavice, K. J., Phillips, R. W., Shen, C., & Rawls, H. R, 2012). If the interface between the PMMA denture base and PMMA or composite teeth was weak, the denture will not be able to sustain occlusal forces, making the base-teeth interface, an entity of significance.
The fresh lumber used to make wood shafts is completely dried and treated in building-sized kilns to prevent the wood from warping after manufacture. Then, logs are cut into thin sheets of wood by feeding them through multi-bladed saw. The thin sheets of wood and multiple layers of carbon fiber are coated with Nano resin adhesives and are hot pressed...
Wood species can be divided into two groups: hardwood and softwood. Softwoods are gymnosperm trees, while hardwoods are angiosperm trees. (Stenius 2000). The composition and structure of wood are a masterpiece of evolutionary design, which enable trees to grow tall and live for many years. The wood structure also enables the trees to survive for strong natural forces such as wind and gravity and the structure even provides for an efficient transport of water from the roots to the crown. Wood is a complex biocomposite built up of cells whose own building blocks, the wood polymers and their ideal composition, give rise to a superior weight-to-strength ratio for the wood material. Wood is essentially composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and extractives. Each of these components contributes to fiber properties, which ultimately impact product properties. In different wood species, however, their relative composition varies greatly, and also the chemical composition of wood varies quantitatively among tree species. According to the results, the lignin content and functional group were determined separately. In addition, the chemical structure was not similar between softwood and hardwood. Lignin is one of the important chemical constituents of lignocellulosic materials in wood and it is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature. The physical
Plywoods should be the focus of the first product category developed and delivered by Knotty Wood Products due to the currently understood attributes of Paulownia wood - fast growing, strong - yet light weight, fire retardant & insulating properties provide excellent thermal & electrical protection. Easy to machine with various tools, accepting of numerous stains & finishes allows for flexibility in it’s choices of application & final visual appeal.
The knowledge of thermoplastic elastomers (TP)from blends of NBR and HDPE has occurred as a valuable implement in tai...
Rheological behavior helps to elucidate the fundamental flow behavior of composite melts, and can directly or indirectly reflect the processing performance, internal structure, and physical and mechanical performance of WPCs. For the economical consideration, researchers are attempted to incorporate high amount of wood flour. So, a clear insight of the rheological behavior is necessary in such high wood content to facilities the processing. In addition, additives are frequently used to modify processing or end properties of WPC formulations and proper rheological tests may prove useful in characterizing the efficiency of these additives [13].
The polymer matrix binds the fibers together so as to transfer the load to and between them and protect them from environments and handling. Polymer or resin systems used to manufacture advanced Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) are of two basic types, thermosets and thermoplastics (including bio-derived ones).
In this article, we’ll be mainly going over wood species and materials in relation to outdoor furniture that is often found in areas such as your porch, garden, or patio. Each of the wood species has its pros and cons so when deciding on furniture having an open mind is the best bet to finding something that suits you perfectly. Let’s jump right to it.
Researchers [2-7] have been involved number of investigations on several types of natural fibers such as bamboo, kenaf, hemp, flax, and jute to study the effect of these fibers on the mechanical properties of composite materials. Venkateshwaran et al. [8-10] studied the mechanical properties of tensile, flexural, impact and water absorption tests were carried out using banana/epoxy composite material. Thiruchitrambalam et al. (2009) [5] studied the effect of alkali and SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate) treatment on Banana/Kenaf Hybrid composites and woven hybrid composites. Thermosetting resins are costly and the thermosetting resins commonly used in engineering application are epoxy which has better mechanical properties.
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable. Because of its fiber- like structure, it has been compared to carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) [3].
The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two different ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revolving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used only in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove “resinous material and lignin” from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose.
Fiber architecture of composite properties usually revolves around the fiber geometry, packing arrangement, fiber orientation, and fiber volume fraction that in particular influencing their mechanical properties. The topmost being fiber volume fraction (Vf) which without doubt single handedly steers most mechanical properties that increases with increasing Vf up to a certain point. The geometry of
Matus M. (9, April 2012). Super-Durable Material Made from Wood Waste is Stronger, Cheaper, and Lighter Than Kevlar. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/super-durable-material-made-from-wood-waste-is-stronger-cheaper-and-lighter-than-kevlar/
There are many commercially produced composites used polymer matrix material. There are many different polymers available depending on the raw ingredients. There are some broad categories, and each with numerous variations. The most common used are known as vinyl, polyester, polypropylene, epoxy, polyimide, and others. The reinforcement m...