There are many attributes that affect the properties of a composite material, based on their intrinsic properties of the constituents. The properties that are harnessed to reinforce a composite material are essentially governed by the similar factors that affect other fiber composite materials, namely the fiber architecture and the fiber–matrix interface.
Fiber architecture of composite properties usually revolves around the fiber geometry, packing arrangement, fiber orientation, and fiber volume fraction that in particular influencing their mechanical properties. The topmost being fiber volume fraction (Vf) which without doubt single handedly steers most mechanical properties that increases with increasing Vf up to a certain point. The geometry of
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Acrylation, maleic anhydride, and titanate treatment of natural fibers.
11. Plasma treatment
12. Sodium chlorite treatment of natural fibers
1.6 Friction and Wear
Friction and wear are considered as sub areas of tribology. The science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices is known as tribology. Since its definition, tribology has been widely recognized as general concept embracing all aspects of transmission and dissipation of energy and materials in mechanical equipment including various aspects of friction, wear, lubrication and related field of science and technology.
Friction: The resisting force tangential to the common boundary between two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body movies, or tends to move, relative to the surface of the other.
Wear: Wear is related to interactions between surfaces and specifically the removal and deformation of material on a surface as a result of mechanical action of the rubbing surface. In materials science, wear is erosion or sideways displacement of material from its "derivative" and original position on a solid surface performed by the action of another surface.
1.6.1 Mechanism of
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If the cutting points embedded in the counter face it is commonly called as two-body abrasion, or if the cutting points loose within the contact zone then it is called three-body abrasion. Abrasion makes considerable scratches and scoring marks on the worn surface, and the debris produced by abrasion will act like cutting chips similar to those produced during machining operations comparatively at a much finer scale. Most of the models associated with abrasive wear incorporate geometric asperity descriptions, and hence wear rates turn out to be quite dependent on the shape and apex angles of the abrasive points moving along the surface. There are two types of deformation occurs when an abrasive particle acts on the softer material. The first mode is plastic grooving, also called as ploughing, in which a prow is pushed ahead of the particle, and material is continually moved sideways to form ridges adjacent to the developing groove. In this no material is removed from the surface. The second mode is similar to cutting, because it is similar to micromachining and all the material displaced by the particle is removed as a chip. Figure (1.4 & 1.5) shows the two body and three body abrasive wear mechanisms respectively
The behavior of every material composite substance is either completely deterministically caused by the nature of the material parts making it up or is partially randomly caused.
It has also been discovered that the components of Kevlar fiber, have a radial orientation that is in a crystal. Crystal-like regularity is the largest contributing factor in the strength of Kevlar fiber. PROPERTIES It is five times stronger, yet the same weight as steel. Kevlar Aramid fiber is an improved material, which is an extremely lightweight, man-made organic fiber. Kevlar fiber has a combination of properties, which makes Kevlar a very useful material.
The purpose of the projectile lab is to test the validity of the law of conservation of energy. The application of this law to our everyday lives is a surprisingly complicated process. Conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but that it can be transferred from one form to another. Consider the projectile lab from document A that this essay is based upon. In an ideal experiment, the projectile is isolated from everything except the gravitational field. In this case, the only force acting on the particle is gravity and there are only two forms of energy that are of interest: the energy of the particle due to its motion (defined as kinetic
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. Traditionally, a branch of Solid Mechanics. Nowadays, a commonly used method for multiphysics problems. Integrates Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in every 3D design of an machine. FEA visualizations ensure proper design by eliminating unnecessary costs and weight in a machine, while maximizing the structural strength of each of the machine’s components. Using FEA methods, it can simulate torque, stress, and strain to verify how they are distributed amongst a part.
[10] Ritha U.,RaoPrasad P. (2009).Study of wear behavior of austempered ductile iron; Journal of Material Science,44,P.1082-1093.
In this information report, you will be consistently provided information about friction and other forces, our aim is to find out with friction does and acts upon by using a toy car and a ramp.
Since then the main advances in gearing technology is the material they are manufactured from as well as the theory of gearing. With the introduction of casting, gears became much stronger, smaller and more durable. With new materials came new manufacturing techniques and material treatments increasing the life and durability of gears and at the same time decreasing the maintenance needed.[3] With the growing demand on gears in mechanical machinery and equipment the design of gears also changed along with the applications. Quieter and compact gears were developed and introduced into many mechanical machines such as the automobile allowing greater speeds and more power. The weight and efficiency was ...
Typically the lubricant-to-surface friction is much less than surface-to-surface friction in a system without any lubrication. Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction. Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may contain additives known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e.g. protecting the valve train in a car engine at startup.
Abrasive technique is the mechanical technique to make the surface ready for printing or bonding. It serves only to increase. It increases the surface area of the material by "roughening" the exposed areas prior to coating, printing or adhesive bonding. Mechanical abrasion can be achieved by dry blasting, wet blasting or hand/machine blasting. To remove particulates or residues, a sol vent wash usual l y follows mechanical abrasion. In many cases, the spent abrasive materials fall under the classification of hazardous substances and must be disposed of accordingly.
The industries ranging from space to sports and include manufactured products for aircraft, transportation, energy, construction, sports, medical, and marine use composites as an essential part. Composite are materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical and chemical properties. Composite materials are said to have two phases. The reinforcing phase and the matrix phase. The matrix holds the reinforcement to form the desired shape while the reinforcement improves the overall properties of the matrix. Reinforcements are strong with low densities, while matrixes are brittle. The properties of matrix system have a great influence on the properties of the final composite. By modifying the matrix, desired properties could be attained. Therefore the properties of matrix could be improved by addition of particulate reinforcements such as fillers, flakes, whiskers, and so
Scientists see friction as being divided into five different sub groups: dry friction, fluid friction, lubricated friction, skin friction and internal friction. There are three laws developed from scientific study: Amontons' First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load, Amontons' Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact, Coulomb's Law of Friction: Kinetic friction is indepen...
Though the phenomena itself is as old as any other branch of Physics, the focus on wear aspects of Material and development of the field as a separate study in its own right is rather new. Tribology is a relatively young branch of Mechanical Engineering, introduced in 1966 by Prof. H. Peter Jost in his report for the UK Department of Education and Science. The Oxford English dictionary defines Tribology as “the branch of science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion and with associated matters (as friction, wear, lubrication, and the design of bearings)”.
Frictional forces are ones that oppose motion when two surfaces are found in contact with each other. Friction is a force acting parallel to two surfaces in contact. If the object is in motion, the friction force always acts opposite the direction of motion. Frictional resistance to the relative motion of two objects is proportional to the force that presses the surfaces together as well as the roughness of the surfaces (Nave, R., n.d.). The force of friction of two objects is usually independent of the area of contact and also independent of the velocity of motion of the objects. The force of friction is given by the equation Ff = (μ)(FN), where μ is the coefficient of friction and FN is the normal force (Jacobs, G., Schulman, J., 2011).
The Law of Inertia is defined as when a body at rest will remain at rest...
Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon "triangle" + metron "measure"[1]) is a branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between the lengths of their sides and the angles between those sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclicalphenomena, such as waves. The field evolved during the third century BC as a branch of geometry used extensively for astronomical studies.[2] It is also the foundation of the practical art of surveying.