Fundamental attribution error refers to the likelihood that people credit personal traits and characteristics more when it comes to one’s behavior than the impact of certain situations.
2. Conformity, as studied by Solomon Asch, refers to one’s insecurities of themselves which leads to the final result of agreeing with others, even though they did not agree initially, as well as behaving similarly. Asch experimented with college students, and he had the students compare lines to the general, standard line. When answering alone, the answers given proved correct, but when other people answered aloud before the students, they quickly began to doubt themselves and more often than not, they changed their answers.
3. Milgram’s study of
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obedience included instructors, students, and electric shocks. The instructor must administer shocks, with increasing voltage, when the student gives an incorrect answer. With men aged twenty to fifty, Milgram’s study showed that more than sixty percent went through with their instructions and went until the last switch. Even with forty different participants, sixty-five percent of the instructors followed and obeyed orders, until the final switch. 4.
The bystander effect refers to the likelihood that if someone sees some else in pain or in need, they feel less inclined to do so if other people also saw the person in need. The bystander effect occurs because people feel obligated and responsible only when by themselves, but if other people share the responsibility, and they do not possess sole responsibility, they believe someone else will help.
5. Social loafing refers to the likelihood that people put less work towards a goal when in a group than when working towards a personal goal. One vs. one tug of war and team tug of war exemplify social loafing (Myers, DeWall 347).
6. Deindividuation refers to the idea that participating and doing things as a group makes people feel empowered. For example, peaceful protests that turn into violent riots exemplify deindividuation because, after the fact, those involved cannot believe their actions. Additionally, the internet has made deindividuation more apparent, as bullies can hide behind their computer screens because they do not have to look into the eyes of the person they comment
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about. 7. The main factors for attraction include proximity, familiarity, and similarity. Reoccurring meetings provide opportunities to become friends and to learn about each other. Additionally, with proximity comes familiarity as people tend to become familiar with those they see often. The familiarity and proximity can include affection and attraction. Likewise, people become closest to those they share things in common with, such as mutual friends and favorite colors, singers, writers, and artists. Additionally, the factors for romantic love include passionate love and companionate love. Passionate love occurs typically at the beginning of relationships as people typically tend to want to morph into their significant other since the original attraction has not yet faded. As time goes on, that initial passionate love turns into companionate love. Companionate love refers to the intense bond and attachment that relationships form into as people realize they cannot live without each other. 8.
The goal of the experiment included how prison psychologically changed guards and inmates. People answered an ad to earn fifteen dollars a day, and half became guards while the other half became inmates at random. The Stanford Psychology Department building became the prison. It possessed no windows or clocks. The guards searched, deloused, and stripped each prisoner. They dressed the prisoners in dresses, and they wore chains around their ankles. On the second day, the prisoners rioted. The guards used fire extinguishers to bring control back. They went into the cells and stripped the prisoners. The organizers of the riot went into solitary confinement. The guards decided to psychologically control the prisoners instead of physically. They set up a privilege cell for only one prisoner. They also placed some of the misbehaved prisoners into decent cells, and they placed some of the decent prisoners into below average cells. Due to the riot, the guards began to fear for their safety, and they also began to dehumanize the prisoners by denying bathroom rights. Less than two days into the experiment, the prison released a prisoner due to emotional distress. Another prisoner also began portraying wild behavior. Overall, the experiment, although lasting less than a week, showed how prisons, even fake ones, dehumanize the inmates and make them conform to one
identity.
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:
On August 14, 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment had begun. The volunteers who had replied to the ad in the newspaper just weeks before were arrested for the claims of Armed Robbery and Burglary. The volunteers were unaware of the process of the experiment, let alone what they were getting themselves into. They were in shock about what was happening to them. Once taken into the facility, the experimenters had set up as their own private jail system; the twenty-four volunteered individuals were split up into two different groups (Stanford Prison Experiment).
The bystander effect is a the phenomenon in which the more people are are around the less likely someone will step-in or help in a given situation. THe most prominent example of this is the tragic death of Kitty Genovese. In march of 1964 Kitty genovese was murdered in the alley outside of her apartment. That night numerous people reported hearing the desperate cries for help made by Kitty Genovese who was stabbed to death. Her screams ripped through the night and yet people walked idly by her murder. No one intervened and not even a measly phone call to the police was made.
As our textbook describes the bystander effect as the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. To put it into my own words, I think that bystander effect is where people are less likely to help because of the diffusion of responsibility. We are more likely to help: the person appears to need and deserve help, if the person is in some way similar to us, the person is a woman, when we have just observed someone else being helpful, if we are not in a hurry, if we are in a small town or rural areas, when we are feeling guilty, when we are focused on others and not preoccupied, and when we are in a great/good mood (Myers).
To begin the experiment the Stanford Psychology department interviewed middle class, white males that were both physically and mentally healthy to pick 18 participants. It was decided who would play guards and who would be prisoners by the flip of a coin making nine guards and nine prisoners. The guards were taken in first to be told of what they could and could not do to the prisoners. The rules were guards weren’t allowed t o physically harm the prisoners and could only keep prisoners in “the hole” for a hour at a time. Given military like uniforms, whistles, and billy clubs the guards looked almost as if they worked in a real prison. As for the prisoners, real police surprised them at their homes and arrested them outside where others could see as if they were really criminals. They were then blindfolded and taken to the mock prison in the basement of a Stanford Psychology building that had been decorated to look like a prison where guards fingerprinted, deloused, and gave prisoners a number which they would be calle...
The bystander effect plays a key role in society today. More and more people ignore a person in distress.
The definition of conformity is the compliance with social standards and laws in a particular culture, environment, society and time. If this occurs the individual changes their attitudes, beliefs or actions to align more holistically with those in the surrounding groups and environment, as a result of real or perceived group pressure. This is ultimately a direct result of the power which a group has over the individual. There are two types of conformity, normative conformity, and informational conformity. The motivation behind normative conformity is the desire to be liked and accepted in society. This is most widely known as peer pressure. For example, a student begins smoking because their peers
Most of us would like to think of ourselves as decent, helpful people. We proclaim that we would never turn our backs on someone in obvious need of help-or would we? In fact, any of us, when faced with a person who seems to be in trouble, do nothing. To explain this, the term bystander effect was coined by sociologist and psychologists. It is a psycho-social phenomenon that suggest the more people there are present at a scene of emergency, the less likely they are to help.
The present study identified social loafing is less likely in collective conditions than coactive conditions although results were non-significant. This study supports the research of Worchel, Rothgerber & Day (2011) as participants who worked in newly formed groups worked harder in the group setting than alone. This was shown to occur due to a number of reasons including group goal setting and group level comparison between participants. Future studies should consider the influences of group tasks for group development. In conclusion, social loafing in collective groups are not significantly less than the coactive condition however results may vary in future experiments due to having new variables, different participants and a change methodology in future experiments.
Solomon Asch’s experiment in “Opinions and Social Pressure” studied a subject’s ability to yield to social pressure when placed within a group of strangers. His research helped illustrate how groups encourage conformity. During a typical experiment, members of the group were asked by the experimenter to claim two obvious mismatched lines were identical. The single individual who was not privy to this information was the focal point of the experiment. Twelve out of eighteen times the unsuspecting individual went along with the majority, dispelling his beliefs in favor of the opinions of the group.
A bystander is a person who is present and overlooks an event but takes no part within it. If someone was to be lying on a sidewalk unconscious and another person walked by and ignores the fact that there is a human being lying passed out in front of them, it makes them a bystander. However, bystanders are present in many different varieties. A possible bystander could be someone who hears a conversation occurring about breaking into a house, if the person decides not to say anything and later the house gets broken into it makes them a bystander. A psychological study done by Bibb Latané and John Darley discovered that “…people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone” (Burkley). This discovery can be
Group conformity can be defined as a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result or imagined pressure from a person or group of people. Conformity is basically just a type of social influence involving a change in belief and behavior in order to fit in with the group. There are different forms of conformity, for example, bullying, persuasion, teasing, and criticism. There have been many experiments in sociology investigating conformity or group pressure. One of the experiments that stood out to me the most was the Solomon Asch’s experiment. The experiment was tested to demonstrate the power of conformity in groups. This topic is very interesting because it makes me aware how society really is these days. It makes me wonder if I am
Conformity, compliance and obedience are behavioural consequences of social influence (real or imagined social pressure) that occur in the presence of a group or other individuals (Elsenbroich & Xenitidou, 2012). Often these concepts are misinterpreted as being the same or even synonymous and while they do have similarities they are also very dissimilar. In social psychology conformity, compliance and obedience are distinct concepts that coincide due to their effect on behaviour in the presence of others. Pascual, Line Felonneau, Guéguen & Lafaille (2013) define conformity as an altering of behaviour and beliefs in an individual in order to reflect the behaviour and beliefs of the group that holds influence, though Myers (2014) emphasises that
For people working in the psychological field it is important to understand and acknowledge all aspects of psychology. This includes social psychology, which is a very interesting and important part of the psychological world. Within social psychology there is a concept called conformity, which is a form of social influence. Conformity can be defined “as a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people” (Aronson, 2011, p. 19). Specific behaviors that occur in groups tend to be viewed as accurate behaviors. Therefore, these behaviors are seen as rewarding to take part in by the individual because the feel included (Güngör, Karasawa, Boiger, Dinger, & Mesquita, 2014).
Conformity refers to the tendency for people to change their perceptions, opinions and behaviour in ways that are consistent with group norms. It occurs when people are pressured and feel as they do not have a choice other than to conform to group norms. People also unintentionally conform because it is human nature to follow the dominant rhythm. Conformity is found in everyday social interactions and the way people live their lives. This can be viewed positively or negatively. Conformity in a positive perspective allows people to feel acceptance, belonging and safe. Contrasting, conformity inhibits a sense of uniqueness, individuality, and suppresses an individual’s ability to make good morals.