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Residential segregation in america
Racial segregation in america
The advantages and disadvantages of segregation
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According to PEW study by Richard Fry and Paul Taylor, the study found that 28% of lower-income households in 2010 were located in a majority lower-income census tract, which is up from 23% in 1980. An analysis of the act of residential segregation throughout the US has revealed many challenges that the youth in America either are facing at this very moment or can and will continue to be an ongoing issue throughout neighborhoods. The question of how this form of segregation began? And how does residential segregation effect those involved. Understanding what residential segregation is an important factor in being able to understand the concepts of the negative acts that are practiced by realtors and banks in order to further segregate individuals based of their race and/or income. According to The Color of Justice, “Racial and ethnic segregation in housing has been the result of several factors: the historic practice of de jure segregation, covert discrimination, and group choice. In the South and some Northern communities, local ordinances prohibited African Americans from living in white neighborhoods (Walker, Spohn, and Delone, 2012).” These acts of segregation are just as common as someone brushing their teeth, no matter where you may be north or south this form of segregation is in full effect all over the world. For example “In the North, many property owners adopted restrictive covenants that prohibited the sale of property to African Americans and Jews (Walker, Spohn, Delone, 2012).” Although this form of segregation may divide minorities it has become more of a personal choice. So many people move only want to be around those that they feel comfortable around and relate to the most. For example, when joining a new schoo... ... middle of paper ... ...l be repeated. Now with understanding the cause and effects of residential segregation and the many challenges that those in the communities face on a daily basis from lack of schools, high crime, and lack of jobs. With so many studies and statics the issue of so many people still falling victim to the everyday violence and little being done. Works Cited Walker, Samuel, Cassia Spohn, and Miriam DeLone. The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Logan, John R., and Steven F. Messner. "Racial Residential Segregation And Suburban Violent Crime." Social Science Quarterly (University Of Texas Press) 68.3 (1987): 510-527. Business Source Premier. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. Taylor, Paul, and Richard Fry. "The Rise of Residential Segregation By Income." (2012): Minority Health Archive. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
Living the Drama by David J. Harding is a text which draws on many sociological theories that are presently relevant to the lives of many individuals. Particularly this compilation of personal accounts and theoretical connections textbook focuses on the role of neighborhood and community’s effect on the lives of present day boys. The book provides real life examples are given to demonstrate two key topics being cultural heterogeneity and collective efficacy. In neighborhoods collective efficacy is relevant regardless of the racial or socioeconomic make up of the area, as it comprises the neighborhoods trust and cohesion with shared expectations of control, which in response determines the public order of that community. In these communities we then find cultural heterogeneity, which is defined as the existence of a myriad of competing and conflicting cultural models. Cultural Heterogeneity, according to Harding, is greater in disadvantaged neighborhoods especially in relation to the topic of academic ambitions and career aspirations of adolescents in these areas. Youth and juveniles are heavily effected by the collective efficacy of an area which determines how may different social models and norms there are in the area or neighborhood in question. In Living the Drama, examples are given which indicate that higher collective efficacy would likely result in less cultural heterogeneity. This relationship between the two theories Is important as it effects the collective leadership, direction and social norms of an area and plays a role in the success or failure of the youth from that specific neighborhood.
Charles, Camille (2003). The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 167. Retrieved from http://jstor.org/stable/30036965.
In her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander states that we still use our criminal justice system to “label people of color ‘criminals’ and then engage i...
"‘Race Wars’ Part 1: The Shocking Data on Black-on-Black Crime." The Blaze. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.
“New Century Foundation to Release Interracial Crime Report.” 1999. n. pag. Online. AT&T Worldnet. Internet. 30 Nov 2000. Available: www.amren.com/colorpr.htm
Why are some neighborhoods more prone to experience violent episodes than others? What is the extent and in what sociologically measurable ways do communities contribute to the causation and prevention of crime in their neighborhoods? Are neighborhood-level predictors adequate to explain differences in violent crime rates in the respective communities? These are some of the questions addressed by this statistically intense paper published in Science 1997, by Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls.
Peterson, R, Krivo, L, & Hagan, J. (2006). The many colors of crime. NY: New York University Press.
Crime has always been a hot topic in sociology. There are many different reasons for people to commit criminal acts. There is no way to pinpoint the source of crime. I am going to show the relationship between race and crime. More specifically, I will be discussing the higher chances of minorities being involved in the criminal justice system than the majority population, discrimination, racial profiling and the environment criminals live in.
These authors’ arguments are both well-articulated and comprehensive, addressing virtually every pertinent concept in the issue of explaining racially disparate arrest rates. In The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System, Wilbanks insists that racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is a fabrication, explaining the over-representation of African Americans in arrest numbers simply through higher incidence of crime. Walker, Spohn and DeLone’s The Color of Justice dissents that not only are African Americans not anywhere near the disproportionate level of crime that police statistics would indicate, they are also arrested more because they are policed discriminately. Walker, Spohn and DeLone addi...
New Century Foundation. (2005). The Color of Crime: Race, Crime and Justice in America. Retrieved from http://www.colorofcrime.com/colorofcrime2005.pdf
From slavery to Jim Crow, the impact of racial discrimination has had a long lasting influence on the lives of African Americans. While inequality is by no means a new concept within the United States, the after effects have continued to have an unmatched impact on the racial disparities in society. Specifically, in the housing market, as residential segregation persists along racial and ethnic lines. Moreover, limiting the resources available to black communities such as homeownership, quality education, and wealth accumulation. Essentially leaving African Americans with an unequal access of resources and greatly affecting their ability to move upward in society due to being segregated in impoverished neighborhoods. Thus, residential segregation plays a significant role in
King, Ryan D., Steven. F Messner, Robert D. Baller. 2009. “Contemporary Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement and the Legacy of Racial Violence.” American Sociological Association. 74: 291-315.
Social Science Research, 38, 717-731. http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/tmp/9506051508484483171.pdf. Nielsen, A. L., & Martinez, R. (2011). Nationality, immigrant groups, and arrests. Examining the diversity of arrests for urban violent crime.
Ogawa, Brian K. Color of Justice: Culturally Sensitive Treatment of Minority Crime Victims. Allen and Bacon: Needham Heights, MA, 1999.
There are all races in each socioeconomic class. There are whites in the higher, middle, and the lower class. There are African Americans in the higher, middle, and lower class also. It was found that both dissimilarity and exposure measures are significantly associated with household income- black households with higher household incomes live in neighborhoods with greater exposure to whites and lower isolation from other blacks than do black households with lower incomes. (Spivak 1416). Spivak also says that “Research also shows that higher socioeconomic status blacks live in neighborhoods with greater proportions of whites, and lower proportions of blacks, than do lower socioeconomic status blacks” (1418). Socioeconomic classes are divided up into different neighborhoods. Usually, the higher class lives in nice neighborhoods with big houses, closer to all the stores and restaurants because they, clearly, have all of the money. Middle class families usually live in a neighborhood with medium sized houses or they live in the same neighborhood as lower class families and work their way up to a nicer neighborhood. The middle class families that live in the neighborhood with lower class families live there because they have enough maintain food in their home and keep clothes on their children’s back but need help paying their bills so they live in section eight houses. Section eight is based off of an individual's or family’s income. Not everyone who may need section eight will qualify for it and that is another issue that soon has to be addressed. Schools also divide the socioeconomic classes. Some schools are too expensive for some families and at those schools are some of the best teachers and education is better. Since they can not afford a nice school, the child has to suffer not being able to go to a good school. At the school that the lower class family can afford, the authorities at that school