Quebec Bridge is a riveted steel truss structure with 3,239ft long, 94ft wide and 340ft high. It was built on the main goal of connecting the lower Saint Lawrence River to the west of Quebec City, and Levis, Quebec in Canada. The bridge accommodates three highway lanes, one rail line, and a pedestrian walkway. Before the Quebec Bridge was built, taking a ferry or use the winter-time ice bridge is the only way to travel from the south shore of St. Lawrence in Levis to the north shore in Quebec City. The St. Lawrence River was the main channel of trade for Quebec City during the summer, but it filled with ice during the winter. This situation cut off all the trades entirely between the city until the river iced over and travel was possible again …show more content…
with risk across a dangerous ice bridge, therefore, a project for a bridge over the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City was considered in 1852. The project was delayed because of political instability. After a period of instable politic, the Quebec Bridge was finally included in the National Transcontinental Railway project, undertaken by the federal government in year 1887.
The Quebec Bridge Company was first incorporated by Act of Parliament under the government of Sir John A. Macdonald. The government of Wilfrid Laurier revived for good of Quebec Bridge and granted them an extension of time in 1900. In 1903, the bond issues was increased to 6 million and power to grant preference shares was authorised, along with a name change to the Quebec Bridge and Railway Company (QBRC). Edward A. Hoare was appointed as Chief Engineer of the company throughout the project yet he had a very limit of experience on working a cantilever bridge structure longer than 300ft. Collingwood Schreiber, Chief Engineer of the Department of Railways and Canals in Ottawa during the time, was deposed for his opposition to the calculations that were submitted by the contractors. Although he requested the support of another qualified bridge engineer subsequently, it was effectively overruled by the Cabinet on 15 August 1903. Thereafter, Theodore Cooper was completely in charge of the works as QBRC consulting engineer, and on 1 July 1905, MJ Butler took over Collingwood Schreiber’s position. The bridge structure was taking its
shape by 1904. The preliminary calculations made early in the planning stages were not checked properly when the design was finalized. However, the project went well until the bridge was nearing completion in 1907, when the QBRC site engineering team under Norman McLure began noticing the increase distortions of key structural members already in place. He announced the problems frequently to Theodore Cooper who first replied that the problems were just minor, but it had become clear to Norman McLure that the issue was serious. He went to New York to meet with Theodore Cooper on August 29, 1907 then only Theodore Cooper agreed with Norman McLure’s argument. Unfortunately, the message had not been passed on to Quebec site before it was too late. Same day afternoon, the south arm and part of the central section of the four years bridge structure were finally collapsed during construction. The collapsed parts were dropped into the St. Lawrence River within 15 seconds and causing a tragedy following with 75 deaths and 11 injuries, making it the world’s worst bridge construction disaster. The Commissioners concluded that the responsibility for the failure should lie at the shoulder of two men; Theodore Cooper, QBRC consulting engineer, and Peter L. Szlapka, Chief Designing Engineer from contractor company named Phoenix Bridge Company. It took two years to clear the debris from the river. In 1908, the Canadian government took over the reconstruction of the bridge project. The government appointed a committee made up of three engineers to draw up new specifications. They are H.E. Vautelet, Maurice FitzMaurice and Ralph Modjeski. The new design was still for a bridge with a single long cantilever span, but a much more massive one. The anchorage arm and the north-south cantilever were built between 1913 and 1916. On 11 September 1916, the time came to raise the central span that had been constructed in Sillerty Cove, which was intended to join the two cantilever arms and finish the building of the bridge. Over 100,000 people gathered in Quebec City to celebrate the completion of the bridge. Again, something went wrong and tragedy happened. A dreadful cracking sound was heard out of sudden during the raising of the span. The southwest corner of the span tore away and sagged. A few seconds later, the other ends pulled off their supports and the whole span came loose and sunk into the river, resulting 13 men carried to their deaths and 14 more were injured. A large number of people witnessed the failure of the construction, making it a big shame to all the engineers and companies involved.
The bridge was designed by the Great Engineer David B. Steinman. (Mackinac Bridge 1). The Mackinac Bridge was built across the straits which is an important water route between Lake Michigan and the Atlantic Ocean. The straits connect Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. (World Book 24). The Mackinac Bridge connects the Upper
“It was designed with a twenty-two foot roadway and one five-foot sidewalk” (Silver). The silver bridge is a very long bridge. “An eye-bar is a long steel plate having large circular ends with an "eye" or hole through which a pin is used to connect to other eyebars (to make a chain) or to other parts of the bridge.” according to Richard Fields. The whole bridge was built using the eye-bar suspension.
The Trans-Canada highway act was passed down by the parliament in 1949 , which is the year after St-Laurent was elected as the prime minister of Canada. The act offered the provinces a 50-50 split on the cost of building a highway from coast to coast to reduce the federal money and decreased the needs of taxes. Moreover, as one can see from its name, this act's purpose is to approve the establishment of the Trans-Canada Highway. As a matter of fact, Trans-Canada highway is extremely advantageous for Canada and is the world's longest national highway as it stretches from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John's, Newfoundland, connecting all 10 provinces together. Before this transportation systems existed, passengers and goods have to cross Canada by horse wagons or boat, which could take months to reach the planned destination. However, this significant project allows companies to ship Canada's abundant natural resources across the wor...
Quebec is the largest Canadian province, with the second largest population and economy after that of Ontario. Historically, the province of Quebec presents a unique frontier for the analysis of Anglo-French relations. It is important to note that Canadian domain as a whole was principally an extension of France until the British forces led by Jeremy Amherst took hold o Montreal in 1760. The 1763 signing of the Treaty o Paris essentially sealed this acquisition of Canada by the Great Britain. The present federal structure of Canada came into being in 1867; a structure that created the office of the Prime Minister and promised considerable autonomy to the provinces. However, the relations of the French-speaking province of Quebec
It became a link between Fort Erie, Canada and Buffalo, New York. The bridge is over one mile long, 5,800 feet, and holds three lanes of traffic. The center lane may go north or south depending on the volume of traffic. In 1934, the Great Depression caused a change.
Canada became an emerging country after the Second World War. There was a need for Canada to identify themselves as a distinct nation from Britain and the United States. The Trans Canada Highway became a visible nationalistic figure that set apart Canada from other countries. The Trans Canada Highway was a significant structure built in 1949 through 1961 that emerged as a result of a newfound unity and nationalistic view in Canada. Although there were many different political, personal and economical standpoints on the building of the highway, the finalization of the construction of the highway brought a unique unity that could be appreciated by all Canadians.
The Victoria Bridge, constructed in the mid-19th-Century in British North America, is a famous Canadian landmark that set the stage for the beginning of the industrialization phase of Canada and more specifically, Montreal. It would eventually “play a vital role in the growth of the city and the country”.
... Another bridge would only decrease the profits of the Ambassador Bridge. Although Matty Moroun has tried to sue the governments of Michigan and Ontario over the past decade, a permit to start construction on a new bridge was passed and announced to the public on April 15th, 2014. The new bridge is to be called the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC) or the New International Trade Crossing (NITC). The new bridge is expected to create thousands of new jobs and continue the economic prosperity of the two countries in that region. Mark Butler, the Senior Communications Advisor for Windsor Gateway Project with Transport Canada was quoted saying, “The Windsor-Detroit corridor is Canada’s most important trade artery and the busiest commercial land border crossing in North America.” The bridge is to be 6 lanes wide and expected to be operational in 2022.
Michigan is the only state in the union composed to two separated peninsulas. At the closest point, the upper and lower peninsulas are a mere five miles apart. In the early twentieth century, the only way to make the trip across the five miles of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron was to take a boat ride from one side to the other. As businesses expanded and industry grew, the demand to cross the lakes for travel and commerce purposes grew. The only way to cross the lake was by means of a ferry service, which was unable to keep up with consumer demand. Michigan residents were unable to get convenient and frequent transport between the peninsulas. They needed a consistent, fast, and safe way to travel freely from the mainland to the upper-peninsula. In response, the construction of a five-mile-long suspension bridge to link the peninsulas was set into action. The construction of the Mackinac Bridge was greatly significant to the national economy, the field of engineering, the efficiency of travel, and the historic symbolism of the state of Michigan.
Since it would be easier and less expensive to build a bridge rather than a tunnel, a bridge was initially thought to be a better solution. However, to construct a bridge over the Hudson River it would require a minimum clearance of 200 ft. for ships to travel to and from Hudson River ports. Since the Manhattan side of the Hudson did not meet the 200-foot elevation requirement needed for a bridge, new and expensive apparatuses would have to be built on the New York side. Also, a bridge would be affected by poor weather conditions more than a tunnel. In 1913, the joint coalition finally decided to construct a tunnel.2
The city of Quebec is on the north of the St. Lawrence to the west of the river St. Charles. Montcalm put his Army around the north shore of the St. Lawrence, between St. Charles and Montmorenal rivers. The city was strongly fortifies and ships helped by defending.
Bering Land Bridge- during it’s time of existence the bridge was a major factor in migration from Asia to North America; made travel easier because it was on land instead of having to travel by boat
Algonquin Provincial Park, a park that located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in Central Ontario, was established in 1893 and it is the oldest provincial park in Canada. The Park is also a functioning wildlife reserve. In the Park, 7% area is pure wilderness, and 23% area is wilderness and recreation. In those areas, there are at least 34 kinds of trees, over 40 mammals, over 30 kinds of reptiles and amphibians, 54 different species of fish, and more than 130 breeding birds.
An hour wasn’t enough to explore the grand old-world architecture, the rustic allurements and picturesque squares teemed with buskers, artists, musicians; soaked in culture and vibrant colors.
In her essay,”Importance of the Golden Gate Bridge,” Stephanie Stiavetti suggest that “It maintained this point of pride for nearly 25 years until the Verrazano- Narrows Bridge was built in New York in 1964. Today, this historic San Francisco landmark holds its place as the second largest suspension bridge in the country, behind Verrazano Narrows.” Back then, experts thought that it would be impossible to build a bridge across the tides and currents in that area because strong currents and tides would make construction extremely difficult and dangerous. The water is over 500 feet deep in the center of the channel, and along with the area's strong winds and thick fog, the idea of building a bridge there seemed nearly impossible. Despite all of the problems of building a bridge across the Golden Gate, Joseph Strauss was named as lead engineer for the project. Construction began January 5, 1933, and in the end cost more than $35 million to