Spiritual correlates of Psychological Well Being with mediating effect of Resilience and Mindfulness.
Introduction :
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
Psychological or subjective well-being may be defined as one's emotional and cognitive evaluations of his or her life (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003). These evaluations include one's moods, emotional reactions to events, judgments about fulfillment and life satisfaction, and satisfaction with specific life domains. It also includes what lay people might refer to as happiness (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003). While people's reactions, judgments, and moods vary it is believed that subjective well-being is stable over time and that it is influenced by life events, personality characteristics (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003), personal goals and cultural values.
According to Huppert (2009) , “ Psychological wellbeing is about lives going well. It is the combination of feeling good and functioning effectively.” An individual with high Psychological Well-Being is happy ,capable, ,well-supported ,satisfied with professional and personal life.
A great deal of the earlier work on psychological well-being focused on its definition and many conceptual frameworks for defining well-being have been proposed. Among these theoretical approaches are bottom-up situational influences, the Dynamic Equilibrium
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The Multiple Discrepancy Theory of Satisfaction (Michalos, 1985) proposes that people compare themselves to various standards that are based on their aspirations, ideal levels of satisfaction, goals, needs, previous conditions, and other people. One's happiness or satisfaction judgments are based on the discrepancies between one's current circumstances and his or her standards (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). Earlier social comparison theories were founded on the notion that one would be happy if those around him were worse off, and conversely unhappy if those around him were
Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. "On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of
Well-being is slowly being recognized as a subjective concept. While others may view an individual’s situation as less than ideal, that person may still be perfectly satisfied with their situation. Taking this into account, researchers focusing on subjective well-being realize that any circumstance may be interpreted differently, depending upon one’s own goals and current life stage (Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004). Goals and life stages are interwoven in that the current position one stands will have a dramatic effect on current or upcoming goals and aspirations. Happiness has been linked to having purpose and goals in life, along with healthy social relationships, feelings of security, and a lack of major stressors (Diener & Tov, 2012). These factors were found to be among some of the most important in subjective well-being across different countries and are closely aligned with what one may see on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model. The stages in this model may be paralleled with the factors influencing the biopsychosocial model, which incorporates the impact of biology, one’s psychological frame of mind, and the social surroundings. Both Maslow’s hierarchical needs model and the biopsychosocial model act as an easy-to-understand framework for the health psychology field, as demonstrated through the factors most closely associated with happiness.
Happiness is a feeling that everyone tries to accomplish, yet some people sometimes only capture portions of it. In Brian Doyle essay, “Irreconcilable Dissonance,” he explains that divorce is becoming common among many couples today. Most couples are putting less effort into making a relationship/marriage work. There are many couples who get married, and most of them know that if the marriage does not work that divorce is always an option. With divorce in their back of their mind they lack the true meaning of having a happy marriage. In Eduardo Porter essay, “What Is Happiness,” Porter states that happiness is determined by people’s qualities in their life. People who experience a positive viewpoint on life and about others are overall to
Have you ever notice that every day the body goes through some type of Physical Fitness? Well it does, in fact it’s a natural achievement without facing much of prostration. Mental wellbeing is a basic factor for living a good life, a complex angle of the overall state of health. To be accurate, self-esteem and life’s pleasure are conductive state of mind that commit to having a mentally healthy approaching towards others.
In the book, The How of Happiness, author and researcher Sonja Lyubomirsky sets her book apart from other self-awareness books by being the first to utilize empirical studies. She uses data gained through scientific method to provide support for her hypothesis. This hypothesis consists mainly of the idea that we have the ability to overcome genetic predisposition and circumstantial barriers to happiness by how we think and what we do. She emphasizes that being happier benefits ourselves, our family and our community. “The How of Happiness is science, and the happiness-increasing strategies that [she] and other social psychologists have developed are its key supporting players” (3).
By using Gross Domestic Product as the main indicator of well-being, many important factors are neglected. As defined in the New Merriam-Webster Dictionary, well-being is the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous (1989, p.831). Economically, perhaps the only relevant state under the definition is prosperity, but in reality happiness and health have a great impact on well-being, significant enough to be recognized even when focusing mainly on wealth in numbers. If society hopes to have a more accurate and complete indication of well-being, globally or nationally, a new system of measurement must be developed, leaving GDP to its original function of totaling the dollar value of all domestically-produced goods and services sold over a period of time.
According to Freud’s conclusion based on decades of experimentation and theoretical work in the field of psychotherapy, humans cannot be happy because a satisfaction of needs creates only a momentary phase of happiness which expires after some time. Therefore, the focus of life should not be obtaining happiness, and people should focus on avoiding suffering instead (Bullock, n.d.). However, several paradigms about well-being exist, and individual cognitive patterns and paradigms define the emotional responses to social influences. From an objective viewpoint, well-being is a state of consciousness that arises from a combination of internal and external factors, and money is an unstable external influence in defining subjective well-being.
The 26th President of the United States of America, Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, once said that “Comparison is the thief of joy”. The quote said by the 26th President is significant because it signifies how the concept of Keeping up with the Joneses and Upward Social Comparison Theory is accurate with regards to how comparing oneself to others, causes unhappiness to build up. Keeping up with the Joneses is the economical term that is used to describe the constant pressure or constraint that is placed upon the subconsciousness, in which people, especially the average joe, compares themselves to colleagues, friends, associates, strangers, and family with regards to lifestyle. Keeping up with the Joneses is also a well-known theory in the psychological word, but it goes by the name Upward Social Comparison Theory. Upward social comparison theory is similar to
An individual 's happiness is vital to their overall wellbeing and is affected by numerous factors, all to varying extents.
In the Oxford English dictionary the definition of wellbeing is “a state of being healthy, happy or prosperous; physical, psychological and moral welfare.” In correlation with KE 206 module, wellbeing is indeed all these things but also how they shape and influence the lives of children and young people. The wellbeing of children and young people can be understood objectively and subjectively. Objectively, the wellbeing of children and young people can be understood by looking at and measuring basic needs in life food shelter and safety. The wellbeing of children and young people can be understood subjectively by asking how one perceives themselves, their own wellbeing and emotions. In general, wellbeing is also affected by external factors
In the United States 20% of the adult population report that they are living a flourishing life (Keyes, 2002). However, a high percentage reports feeling as if they are ‘‘stuck’’ or ‘‘want more’’ and are yet not diagnosable with a mental disorder (Fredrickson, 2008). Because happiness has been found to be the source of many desirable life outcomes e.g. career success, marriage, and health, it is of importance to understand, how languishing individuals can reach this ideal state: How can well-being be enhanced and misery reduced (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005). Over the past decade, research in the field of positive psychology has emerged to provide evidence-based methods to increase an individual’s psychological well-being, through so called positive psychology interventions (PPI’s). PPI’s are treatment methods or intentional activities used to promote positive feelings or behaviour. PPI’s vary from writing gratitude letters, practicing optimistic thinking and replaying positive experiences. A meta-analysis of 51 independent PPI studies demonstrated significant results in the effectiveness of PPI’s increasing well-being (49 studies; r = .29) (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).
Subjective well-being is a broad term that encapsulates how a person appraises his or her life and emotional experiences. It has different aspects which includes life satisfaction, positive and negative affect (Diener et al., 2016). Positive affect refers to pleasant feelings such as joy, ecstasy, pride. While negative affect is defined as emotions that are troublesome or that can cause disturbance like anger and guilt. Life satisfaction is the cognitive domain of subjective well-being as it refers to the judgments made by the person about his life as a whole (Suldo and Huebner, 2005). For example, a person evaluates his subjective well-being by looking at his health satisfaction, job satisfaction, and other facets of his life including feelings regarding his life experiences (Diener et al., 2016). People with high subjective well-being are
The definition of wellbeing in its simplest form is the state of being comfortable, healthy and happy. Many more aspects come under wellbeing when examined and measured such as housing, income, jobs, education, environment, civic engagement, health, life satisfaction, safety and work-life balance plus many more to measure and gain a rich understanding of the wellbeing in present day society.
For example, for one person, happiness is a sense of satisfaction from success in a career, whereas for others, it may be a feeling of being loved by other people. Meanwhile, philosophers indicate that happiness has two senses. The first one is psychological sense related to a state of mind (Haybron). The other sense is “a value term, synonymous with well-being” (Haybron). First observation may be in our daily lives.
Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being across cultures. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture