2.2.1 GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD (GTM) Grammar is a term in linguistics that is defined as a set of structural rules that governs the composition of words, phrases, and clauses in any given natural language. In short, every language has its own grammar. Grammar involves related sub-fields such as syntax, phonetics, morphology, and semantics. It is the structural foundation of your ability to express yourself in a way that other people can understand. Without this set of rules, a language or a dialect would be disorganized and creating meaning would be a difficult task. If you frequently read things posted on the Internet, you will find two kinds of people: those who have inherently bad grammar, and those who spend all their time correcting …show more content…
They are, to develop the students ' reading ability and; 2. To develop their general mental discipline. 2.2.2 BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism is a theory in Psychology which says that one can predict a person 's movements by classifying his behaviour.Ralph W.Fasol (2006,p.224) affirms that “one of the early explanations of language acquisition was rooted in behaviorism, a theory that held that language is essentially a habit, a behavior like any other, which is mastered through general learning principles”. Fasold describes three important principles that include: 1. Imitation; 2. Reinforcement; 3. punishment. For instance, a child might imitate a parents’s use of the word duck. The parent, upon hearing the child’s word , might provide positive reinforcement such as ‘yes, it is a duck’ and a smile, or, alternatively, might look away if the child’s utterance is not comprehended. In this way, the child’s more target-like utterance are rewarded ( and thus tend to be repeated) while the non- target-like utterances are ‘punished’. He concludes that, ‘ behaviorism tend to focus on observable behaviors rather than internal or innate process.Accordingly they assume that children are essentially’interested’bystanders, bringing no special abilities or innate machanisms to bear on the language process.While this approach has a certain commosense appeal, behaviorism is no longer the dominant research paradigm in the study of child …show more content…
Cognitive-behaviorism is an Approach to teaching lended theory that incorporates both cognitive theory and behaviorism. According to cognitive-behaviorism, our responses are based on a complex interaction between thoughts and behaviors. Modern cognitive-behaviorism also incorporates elements of feeling-based learning theories, such as rational-emotive theory. According to these principles, we are complex human beings whose responses are based on ongoing interactions between our thoughts, feelings and
Behaviorism” the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning without appeal to thoughts or feeling, and psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns” www.oxford dictionaries.com. One of the major components and theorists associated with this theory is learning and J.B. Watson. Learning is define as” the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
Behaviorism, or learning theory is one of three “grand theories” of human development. The focus of behaviorism is observable behavior, with no reference to mental processes. As a learning theory behaviorism, assumes that learning occurs via interactions with the environment, through the process of conditioning.
Behaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning...
Behaviorism revolves around the measurable and observable characteristics of human behavior, and is based off of the principle that behavior is a result of stimulus-response associations. The purpose of this learning theory is using conditioning in order to acquire a desired behavior. Once understood, the use of behaviorism can be an effective tool in the classroom for educators to use.
Behaviorism was developed to study observable behavior. Because behaviorism describes the learning process it is also known as the learning theory. Behaviorists indicate that learning and development progress over time, and that the process is due to natural behavior guidelines that control responses and actions. Behaviorism theorists explain conditioning as a response that is paired with a specific stimuli, and thus learning begins. The two types of conditioning are classical and operant. These two types of theories are different in many ways, but are also extremely similar.
The successful application of these theories have been very interdisciplinary in their use, being applicable in the development of disorders and even calculating spending patterns across social groups. Behaviorism and social learning have evolved beyond the original use of solely educational purposes. However, the effectiveness of the behaviorism theory has come into question as an educational approach., L’Ecuyer (2014) explains that the behaviorism approach, “emphasizes the accumulation of information (knowledge), on external behaviors (skills and mechanical habits) and their emotional and physical reactions in given situations, rather than on the person’s internal mental states, such as intentionality, which are much more complex (p.2). The article questions the modern effectiveness of the behaviorism approach on children. I have found that the theory of social learning when paired with the behaviorism theory is still very useful in education, even with the influx of modern technologies. At the very core, behaviorism, both classical and, seeks to explain why humans react to certain stimuli. Operant is more used in socially especially in child rearing, how to effectively discipline and child via reinforcement of positive behaviors or corporal punishment for negative behaviors is still a highly debated topic. Social learning can also heavily influence
Behaviorism known as learning theory states that the reason why people think, act, and feel the way they do is because they learned it. John Watson in 1913 started this movement claiming that learning wasn’t just about our neutrons or your genes. It’s believed that all behavior is learned from surrounding behaviors and behavior is a result of stimulus and response. Behaviorism is also scientific but ignores biology, it has many experiments to support its theories and is highly applicable in therapy. There are three ways to apply behaviorism, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism is a learning theory or a developmental theory that measures observable behaviors that are produced by the learner’s response to stimuli. On one end of the spectrum behaviorism is known as an attitude. At the other end, it is known as a doctrine. According to the behavioral views of human development, behaviorists argued that to focus attention on unobservable constructs, such as emotions, thoughts, or the unconscious, was an unscientific approach.(Craig & Dunn, Ex.: 2010)
According to the video entitled Behaviorism: A general overview of behaviorist learning theory, this approach to learning rejects the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious mind and focuses on the observable behavior of the subject. The principle of the behaviorism theory is that there is a direct association between a stimulus and the response an individual makes, the change in an individual’s behavior indicates that learning has occurred, and that individuals are not born with disposition to act in particular ways (Ormrod, 2012). In classrooms where the behavioral technique is used, there are often behavior modification and token reward systems in place (Campana, 2011).
Overall, Behaviorism is an important topic in today’s society. Although the main focus was in the 20th century, Behaviorism is still talked about today by many psychologists. Three important figures like Watson, Pavlov and Skinner were only a few that came up with their own experiments in order to prove that behaviorism all depends on observable behavior. Hence, Behaviorism is known to be behaviors that are acquired through conditioning in the
Behaviourism theory focuses on the behaviour that is observable. For behaviourism theory there is no need for internal mental processing, Acquisition of new behaviour through conditioning that occurs through interaction with the environment. For an example when the teacher ask a question the classroom to check whether the learners understand majority of learners in the classroom will raise their hands and that shows the do understand the so teacher can move to another chapter. The teaching methods that can be used for behaviourism theory are rote learning, lecturing and Drill and practice. Curriculum in behaviourism theory must organize objectives and clear outcomes. The view of learning for learners must be passive.
As the name implies, behaviorism focuses on people’s behaviors, which are directly observable, rather than on the mental systems underlying these behaviors (Narasimhan, 1998). Language is viewed as a kind of verbal behavior and it is proposed that children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, analogy, and structured input (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2003).
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).