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Behaviorism psychological perspective
Behaviorism psychological perspective
Behaviorism psychological perspective
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This task will be focused on a service user group, more specifically on adults. It will explain challenging behaviour in people with learning disabilities through a psychological perspective which is behaviourism, and finally discuss how a social worker could address the issue by applying a psychological intervention or approach which will be behaviour modification. Valuing People (2001) recognises that learning disability can limit a person’s daily functions which can result in low status within the society where the person lives, producing social exclusion. Communicating can be difficult for people with learning disability because their difficulties can include speech disorders, problems with non-verbal communication and impact on their social interaction (Genders et al 2002). Adopting a social model, Oliver (1996) stated ‘Disability, according to the social model is all the things that impose restrictions on disabled people’ (p.33). A psychological perspective that provides some insights is behaviourism, which was established by B F Skinner (1976). Behaviourism is underpinned by the idea that a person’s behaviour is shaped by their experiences which can be changed by learning new behaviours. Norman and Redfern (1997) define behaviour as the individual’s actions and activities which are shaped by the environment, place, time, persons and objects present in the activities. They go on to suggest that behaviourism is a philosophy of mind with assumptions about human nature. This perspective focuses on behaviour and its consequences which can be characterized by positive reinforcements (Norman and Redfern, 1997). Behaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning... ... middle of paper ... ...mediate environment. The worker must ensure that the service users’ priorities and best interests are being considered by creating a relationship of trust and confidence (Norman and Redfern, 1997). In conclusion, from a behaviouristic perspective pleasing experiences are positive reinforces and unpleasant experiences are negative reinforces which influence a person’s behaviour. Behaviour modification for people with learning disabilities helps services manage some service users who present major challenges to services. However, there is a need to recognise the role of Campling (2006) ‘Social workers must be able to assist individuals to access the services that will permit them to maintain independence and choice within their own lives’ (p.115). To this end, behaviour modification is an understanding of behaviourism may be a useful tool for social work to use.
For future practice in social work, I learned that it is important to empower your clients to set goals and help push them to reach those goals. Robert wanted to plays sports and kept trying until he found a sport that was the best fit for him. Snow (2013a) talked about “the ‘problem’ of disability is not within the person, but within the social attitudes, and our attitudes shape the world we live in” (p.119). I agree with Snow, if our attitudes in society don’t change about “disabilities” the person will never feel completely welcomed or “fit” for
Lavoie’s workshop provokes an emotional response. After viewing life through the eyes of a child with special needs, I cannot help but have a more significant understanding of what people, especially children with disabilities, must deal with every day, everywhere. During the many years that I have worked with children with various disabilities, I have encountered each of the topics discussed in Lavoie’s workshop and agree with the points he makes regarding children with disabilities. Particularly impacting the way I interact with my students are the topics concerning: anxiety, reading comprehension, and fairness.
Creek (2009) states that a healthy person is able to perform their daily occupations effectively and is capable of responding accordingly to any changes in their activities. For adults with a learning disability it can be incredibly challenging to carry out their ADLs effectively or ev...
Chapter thirteen has two subject matter that it discusses in some detail, mental illness and developmental disabilities. This review will be exploring the history, philosophy and theories of developmental disabilities. Social workers come in contact with many clients that have developmental disabilities, and the chapter gives a glimpse the history, problems, and theories related to developmental problems. Chapter thirteen explores the issues of dealing with developmental disabilities in the past and what is being done today to help social workers face the issues.
Radley, M. (2009). Understanding the social exclusion and stalled welfare of citizens with learning disabilities. Disability and Society, 23(4): 489-501.
Whether it was in school, the classroom or the home environment students with disabilities may exhibit various behavioral problems. Occasionally, these behaviors are hostile, aggressive, and disruptive and may impede learning for the ones who display such behaviors as well as others. It often a challenge to deliver a lesson or maintain control of the class due to the fact that teacher may not have sufficient knowledge on how to manage these types of behaviors. In “When the Chips are Down” Richard Lavoie give helpful advice that emphasizes on dealing with behavioral issues in a successful manner and also how these problems can be anticipated before they start.
The articles, the right to effective education and the right to effective behavioral treatment, are two articles that educators, behavior analyst, and other professionals who are responsible for the education of children with disabilities should be familiar with. These articles can be used as a guideline to make sure learners rights are being met, and if relevant, are acting in accordance with BACB guidelines. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the aforementioned articles, and draw connections to a present learner and their educational experience.
...lating their own behaviour as they have had lots of practice doing so (NSW DET, 2003, p. 13). By most students demonstrating their ability to self-regulate throughout the lesson, it leaves the teacher the opportunity to better manage challenging behaviours such as Ray’s ADHD/ODD, Michael and Kendall’s tendencies to defy or be oppositional and refuse to engage and Bens’ inclination to withdraw. Strategies such as using the trust tree and taking time to self-regulate outside or in the quiet corner, coloured cups to display moods or a sense of urgency, social stories/scripts to assist with difficult and new situations, labelled praise and positive reinforcement or extrinsic motivation, extension activities of interest, ignoring minor inappropriate behaviours and redirecting when possible are used to help manage these behaviours (See lesson plan and Appendix A and B).
The quote from the famous psychologist John B. Watson essentially sums up behaviourism. Behaviourism refers to the school of psychology founded by Watson, established on the fact that behaviours can be measured and observed (Watson, 1993). In behaviourism, there is a strong emphasis that the acquisition of learning, or permanent change in behaviour, is by external manifestation. Thus, any individual differences in behaviours observed was more likely due to experiences, and not by the working of genes. As the quote suggest, any individuals can be potentially trained to perform any tasks through the right conditioning. There are two major types of conditioning, classical and operant conditioning (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012).
... are determined by the stimuli in the environment we are in. Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learned and in turn can be unlearned by pinpointing the stimulus which is provoking the behaviour and changing the individuals learned response towards it.
Students with learning disabilities can learn; each student has his or her own strengths and weaknesses. Educators must continue to focus on the strengths of each student and building on them, creating a stronger student and person. Identifying the weakness is at the core of getting a student help with their learning disability, but after this initial identification and placement, the focus should shift to the strengths and adjusting the student’s schoolwork to reflect these strengths. For instance, if a student is weak in reading but has wonderful group interaction skills and is good with his or her hands, the students' reading tasks should then be shifted to reflect these st...
Behaviorism is a learning theory or a developmental theory that measures observable behaviors that are produced by the learner’s response to stimuli. On one end of the spectrum behaviorism is known as an attitude. At the other end, it is known as a doctrine. According to the behavioral views of human development, behaviorists argued that to focus attention on unobservable constructs, such as emotions, thoughts, or the unconscious, was an unscientific approach.(Craig & Dunn, Ex.: 2010)
As common as learning disabilities may be, not every child in America is affected, however, the number may be larger than one thinks. In 2001, over 2.9 million children were diagnosed with a learning disability. The number is not accurate since some definitions of a learning disability are different than others. (NCLD 2001) Some of the most common are dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. Typically one who suffers from a learning disability has difficulty in writing, reading, speaking, listening, and mathematics (NCLD 2001). They may also have short-term memory loss and will frequently let their emotions overpower their reasoning. They may have a hard time paying attention in class and find ways to avoid work, especially when they find the material too difficult. (Silverman) They are disorganized in bo...
People with disabilities often face societal barriers and disability evokes negative perceptions and discrimination in society. As a result of the stigma associated with disability, persons with disabilities are generally excluded from education, employment, and community life, which deprives them of opportunities essential to their social development, health and well-being (Stefan). It is such barriers and discrimination that actually set people apart from society, in many cases making them a burden to the community. The ideas and concepts of equality and full participation for persons with disabilities have been developed very far on paper, but not in reality (Wallace). The government can make numerous laws against discrimination, but this does not change the way that people with disabilities are judged in society.
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).