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Responsibility of parent
Development of the child during the prenatal period
Development of the child during the prenatal period
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Care and education are intertwined throughout Te Whāriki (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996). This essay will investigate the concept of primary caregiving in relation to care and education of infants. It would critically examine the influence of historical and contemporary discourses, theoretical perspectives, quality provisions, Pickler approach and RIE philosophy and my professional philosophy of teaching and learning, to attain an in depth understanding of working with infants, children aged birth to eighteen months. The concept of primary caregiving was introduced in Aotearoa in the year 1903 by Mother Aubert and her Sisters of Compassion at their Home of Compassion Crèche in Wellington (Crèches and childcare, n.d.). The concept did not …show more content…
The approach acknowledges the brain development occurs at a great pace during infancy, and a child’s earliest experiences have life long implications (Duchesne, 2010; Sims & Hutchins 2011). Furthermore, the approach acknowledges the attachment theory, and lays significance on ‘secure attachment’ in the life of an infant that helps him to learn and form and maintain caring relationships throughout his life (Sims & Hutchins, 2011; Cortazar & Herreros, 2010; McCaleb & Mikaere-Wallis, 2005; Bary, 2010), therefore, the approach advocates for ‘primary caregiving’. Primary caregiving means that the educator builds a respectful, close and trusting relationships with a small group of children and their parents (Christie, 2011; Petrie & Owen, 2005). Thus, forms partnerships with children and their families (Lloyd, 2011). In order to form a “secure base” for the child (Dalli et al., 2009, p. 41), the primary caregiver takes full responsibility for the caring routine of the child, the primary caregiver slows down, takes support from her team to have some uninterrupted time with the child, observes the child, understand the body language of the child , responds to the child and explains the child what they are doing and why, furthermore, waits for the response of the child; and encourages the child to take lead in his own learning . Thus contributes to developing self-esteem in the child (Pawl, …show more content…
Te Whāriki (MoE, 1996), also advocates for primary caregiving as it states, “infants must experience physical and emotional security with at least one other person within each setting” (p. 22). My philosophy is based on the Māori belief, “Ko te Tamaiti te Pūtake o te Kaupapa. The Child- the Heart of the Matter”(ERO, 2011). I believe that aroha, honesty, respect, patience, and trust are the cornerstones of every robust relationship. My belief is supported by the RIE approach of child care and education (Christie, 2011; Hammond, 2009). My professional practice is based on respectful and responsive relationships between adults and children through effective interpersonal communication (Petrie, 1997; Bolton,1996 ; Devito, 1997; Miller, 2007; Whalley, 2005; New Zealand Teachers Council, 2004)
Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children’s ability to grow into substantial individuals who can thrive in an often harsh world. Constructing lasting and fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not only highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions. Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment is the strong and lasting linkage established between a child and his or her caregiver. Moreover, attachment significantly influences a large capacity of ones make up as it these first relationships that teaches morals, builds self-esteem, and develops a support system. The pioneers of Attachment Theory realized early on that human beings are not solely influenced by drives but that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers greatly impact their ability to forge lasting relationships later in life. John Bowlby was first to introduce this theory to the masses in the 1950’s, and later Mary Ainsworth conducted further research to expand on Bowlby’s theory which proclaims that attachment is a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). The attachment bond theory by both Bowlby and Ainsworth focuses on the significance of the relationship between babies and their caretakers which research has suggested is accountable for influencing impending interactions, firming or injuring our capabilities to concentrate, being aware of our emotional states, self-soothing capabilities, and the capacity to be resilient in the face of hardship. Additionally, this research has provided a framework for assisting in describing these att...
In different countries and cities, infant caretaking styles can differ widely due to varying cultures and values. For example, the study done by Morelli, Rogoff, Oppenheim and Goldsmith in 1992 revealed differences in the infant sleeping practices between Mayan parents and U.S. parents from Utah. While more Mayan parents preferred to let their infants sleep on their bed to develop a close mother-infant bond, more U.S. parents preferred to keep their infants on a separate bed and to let them sleep alone as soon as possible in order to allow their child to become independent (Morelli et al., 1992). The purpose of this study is to examine the caretaking practices of a current parent through an interview and to compare and contrast the parent’s
...n, 1996. Te Whãriki: He whãriki mãtauranga mõ ngã mokopuna o Aotearoa. Early childhood curriculum. Wellington: Learning Media.
The attachment theory, presented by Mary Ainsworth in 1969 and emerged by John Bowlby suggests that the human infant has a need for a relationship with an adult caregiver, and without a subsequent, development can be negatively impacted (Hammonds 2012). Ainsworth proposes that the type of relationship and “attachment” an infant has with the caregiver, can impact the social development of the infant. As stated by Hammonds (2012), attachment between a mother and a child can have a great impact on the child 's future mental
Sims, M. (1994). Early Child Development and Care. Education and care: Revisiting the dichotomy, 103(1), 15 - 26.
The concept of infant-mother attachment is as important to the child as the birth itself. The effect this relationship has on a child shall affect that child for its entire life. A secure attachment to the mother or a primary caregiver is imperative for a child’s development. Ainsworth’s study shows that a mother is responsive to her infant’s behavioral cues which will develop into a strong infant-mother attachment. This will result in a child who can easily, without stress, be separated from his mother and without any anxiety. Of course the study shows a child with a weak infant-mother relationship will lead to mistrust, anxiety, and will never really be that close with the mother. Without the right help, this child may harbor these ill feelings for life.
An infant’s initial contact with the world and their exploration of life is directly through the parent/ primary caregiver. As the child grows, learns, and develops, a certain attachment relationship forms between them and the principle adult present in this process. Moreover, this attachment holds huge implications concerning the child’s future relationships and social successes. Children trust that their parental figure will be there; as a result, children whom form proper attachments internalize an image of their world as stable, safe, and secure. These children will grow independent while at the same time maintaining a connection with their caregivers. (Day, 2006). However, when a child f...
(Early infant attachment is an important phenomena to study as it is connected to later child development). Early infant attachment is linked to cognitive, social, and emotional development (Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2014). These three developmental aspects are significant in one’s later mental process capabilities, the relationships formed later in life, as well as their psychological stability. The attachments formed with caregivers in infancy are vital. Bowlby stated, “It is our first relationship, usually with our mother, that much of our future well-being is determined” (O’Gorman, 2012). It’s crucial for a child’s development to look at parenting styles and early infant attachment classifications which are made to caregivers. Most research focuses around mother-infant attachment making little known about the relationships made with fathers.
Overall both theorists want to establish the influence they believe will help these infants later as they progress over time. Either it is helping children create learned behaviors or instill protective factors through secure attachments with their primary caregivers. Although most general views are conflicting it is important to notice the main motivation is on the infant and their development. Both theorists attempt to compensate through the techniques of daycare they execute to ensure the child is receiving satisfactory care and developing appropriately. The views on how caregivers should react and interact contrast but both theories still look to protect and care for the child.
Gallagher 2009 cited in Share, P & Lawlor, K. (eds) Applied Social Care An Introduction for students in Ireland (2nd ed) Dublin: Gill & Macmillan (2009).
From the perspective I have at this stage in my journey in the early childhood education field, I would like to share what I have come to value and believe in regards to early learning and care by looking at my philosophy statement. To begin we will look at the statement and highlight three key features and find out why they are important to me, then we will see what they will look like in my practice, and lastly we will examine these ideas closely by looking at where they originated. By taking an in-depth look at my philosophy statement we will better understand the motivation behind my practice which I hope to continue to refine and refresh as I gain more knowledge and experience.
Te Whᾱriki is the New Zealand’s early childhood curriculum, which was developed in 1996. Compared with Reggio Emilia Approach, they have similarities as focus on children’s interests; develop children’s learning though interacting in relationship with others, emphasise the importance of environment and adults’ active responding. They also differ in many ways, such as teacher’s role, culture background and documentation and Assessment.
It is important for adults to have frequent and regular interactions with infants. Relationships with these adults give an understanding of a healthy social-emotional development that is driven by the adult. Children will then respond to the adult by engaging with them in predictable interactions. Infants relationships with parents, family members or caregivers give the “key context for infants’ social-emotional development...influencing the infant’s emerging sense of self and understanding others (CDE 2009). Some of the ways an infant can build a relationship with an adult is by looking for “reassurance that they are safe, for assistance in alleviating distress, for help with emotion regulation, and for social approval or encouragement” building the close connection to a child’s “emotional security, sense of self and evolving understanding of the world around them” (CDE
A number of studies focused on the mother- infant relationship and the effect of child care on the development of such relationship (Belsky, 1989; Lamb, Sternberg, & Prodromidis, 1992). Attachment theory indicates that a secure relation formation between child and caregiver is important for the child to develop flexible behavioural system and adapt easily to new situations. Bowlby (quoted by Lamb, Sternberg, & Prodromidis) summarised that attachments form around middle of the first year and are strengthened later in the year. It comes as no surprise that studies done by Barglow, Vaughn, & Molitor (1987); Belsky & Rovine (1988); Vaughn, Gove, & Egeland, (1980) , as quoted by Egeland & Heister (1995), reported that entry of infants before 12 months of age to child day care is linked to increased risk of insecure-avoidant attachment. Assessments were based on Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (Ainswoth, Blehar, Water, & Wall, 1978) to measure the infant-mother attachment. While these children might not reject attention from parents, they also did not seek comfort, showing no preference between a parent and a complete stranger.
Ministry of Education. (2008). Licensing criteria for early childhood education and care centres 2008 and early childhood education curriculum framework. Wellington New Zealand: Ministry of Education.